The US Communicable Disease Center (CDC, now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) conducted a smallpox eradication/measles control program in Western and Central Africa. It began late in 1966, concluding in 1972, and was funded by the US Agency for International Development. The program was coordinated with WHO’s eradication programme through its Regional Office for Africa (AFRO).
Additional information:
Smallpox and Its Eradication, Chapter 17
Program development and surveillance reports: Browse/CDC West and Central Africa
| Country | Last endemic case | Importations during SEP | Country | Last endemic case | Importations during SEP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin (Dahomey)* | 1969 | None post-1969 | Guinea | 1968 | None post-1968 |
| Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)** | 1968 | None post-1958 | Guinea-Bissau | 1957 | None |
| Cameroon | 1968 | 1969 | Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | 1966 | 1967 |
| Central African Republic | 1963 | None | Liberia | 1968 | None post-1968 |
| Chad | 1965 | 1967,1968 | Mali | 1968 | 1969 |
| Congo | 1965 | None | Mauritania | 1962 | None |
| Congo, Dem Rep (Zaire)*** | 1971 | None post-1971 | Niger | 1968 | 1969 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1960 | None | Nigeria | 1970 | None post-1970 |
| Gabon | 1965 | None | Senegal | 1963 | None |
| Gambia | 1966 | None | Sierra Leone | 1969 | None |
| Ghana | 1967 | 1968 post-1969 | Togo | 1969 | None post-1969 |
Benin (Dahomey), Burkina Faso (Upper Volta), Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo were certified as smallpox-free by an International Commission on 15 Apr 1976 (AFR/Smallpox/80).
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Dem. Rep. of Congo (Zaire), Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon were certified as smallpox-free by an International Commission on 30 Jun 1977 (AFR/Smallpox/86).
* Dahomey was renamed Benin in 1975.
** Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso in 1984.
*** The Democratic Republic of the Congo was renamed Zaire in 1971, and changed back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997.
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1966 | Mass preventive medicine: A program for smallpox eradication and measles control throughout West Africa | Gelfand HM, Henderson | J Int Health 1966 2(1) Fall:24-33 | |
| 1969 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| All Conference reports | ||||
| PROCEEDINGS. Part I | CDC, SEP Report IV(1):1-66 | [10.5 MB] | ||
| – Development and status of the Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control Programme in West Africa | Millar JD | CDC, SEP Report IV(1):21-27a | ||
| – Epidemiology of smallpox in West and Central Africa | Foege WH | CDC, SEP Report IV(1):29-35a | ||
| PROCEEDINGS. Part II | CDC, SEP Report IV(2):1-125 | [17.9MB] | ||
| – Assessment of surveillance systems in West Africa | Henderson RH | CDC, SEP Report IV(2):69-72 | ||
| – Intercountry cooperation and coordination. An overview | Lythcott GI | CDC, SEP Report IV(2):76-7 | ||
| – Proposals for intercountry coordination | Tchellé L | CDC, SEP Report IV(2):78-9 | ||
| – Benefits of intercountry coordination | Agle AN | CDC, SEP Report IV(2):82 | ||
| – Smallpox eradication in Africa: Principles for action in the maintenance phase | Binson B | CDC, SEP Report IV(2):177-80 | ||
| – A review of West African operations: Methods and tactics | Hicks JW | CDC, SEP Report IV(2):192-8 | ||
| – Summary: Programme operations | Henderson DA | CDC, SEP Report IV(2):224-5 | ||
| 1969 | Status of eradication of smallpox (and control of measles) in West and Central Africa | Millar JD, Foege WH | J Infect Dis 1969 120(6):725-32 | |
| 1971 | Cultural resistance to smallpox vaccination in West Africa | Challenor BD | J Trop Med Hyg 1971 74(3):57-9 | |
| 1972 | Potency and stability characteristics of smallpox vaccine used in the smallpox eradication programme in Western and West-central Africa International Symposium on Smallpox Vaccine, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 11-13 Oct 1972 |
Bernstein A, Bierly MZ Jr | WHO/SE/72.49 RH Regamey, H Cohen (eds). Symp Series Immunobiol Stand 1973 19:157-165 |
|
| 1975 | Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa | Foege WH, Millar JD, Henderson DA | Bull World Health Organ 1975 52(2):209-22 | OPEN |
| 1976 | Monkeypox and white poxviruses in West and Central Africa | Arita I, Henderson DA | WHO/SE/76.78 Bull World Health Organ 1976 53(4): 347-353 |
PDF OPEN |
| 1998 | Commentary: Smallpox eradication in west and central Africa revisited | Foege WH | Bull World Health Organ 1998 76(3):233-5 | OPEN |
| 2011 | Lessons and innovations from the West and Central African Smallpox Eradication Program Symposium: Smallpox Eradication after 30 Years: Lessons, Legacies and Innovations. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 24-27 Aug 2010 |
Foege WH | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D10-D12 | |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 34, 28 Nov 1969 Outbreak: Dahomey |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 44(48):645-9 | |
| 1969 | Smallpox transmission in southern in Dahomey: A study of a village outbreak. | Henderson RH, Yekpe M | Am J Epidemiol 1969 90(5):423-428 | |
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – The role of fetish practices in vaccination campaigns | Robbins GE | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1): 62-64 | ||
| – The surveillance system and methods used to improve reporting. II. Dahomey | Yekpe M | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2): 60-62 | ||
| – Assessment of vaccination coverage and smallpox in five areas of West Africa. A summary of terminal assessment results | Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins D | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2): 109-132 | ||
| – Country report: Dahomey | SE/69.18 | |||
| 1973 | Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa [Northern Nigeria, Western Nigeria, Niger, Dahomey, Togo] | Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins DL, Foege WH | Bull World Health Organ 1973 48(2):183-94 | OPEN |
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Benin | SE/WP/75.10 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1964 | Response of Volta children to jet inoculation of combined live measles, smallpox and yellow fever vaccines | Meyer Jr HM, Hostetler Jr DD, Bernheim BC, Rogers NG, Lambin P, Chassary A, Labusquière R, Smadel JE | Bull World Health Organ 1964 30:783-794 | OPEN |
| 1967 | Standardization and mass application of combined live measles-smallpox vaccine in Upper Volta | Kalabus F, Sansarricq H, Lambin P, Proulx J, Hillman MR | Am J Epidemiol 1967 86(1):93-111 | |
| 1967 | Smallpox Surveillance Report Draft 2 Dec 1967. (Prepared but not distributed) Assessment by market surveys: Upper Volta, Ivory Coast |
Smallpox unit, WHO | SE/SR/67.2:18-19 | |
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 20: 21 Mar 1969 Outbreaks: Mali/Upper Volta border |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 12:205-11 | |
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Persistence of smallpox in remote unvaccinated villages. | Imperato P, Sow O, LaPointe M, Vastine D, Leonard TA | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1): 47-51 | ||
| – Experiences in Upper Volta with intercountry coordination of containment activities. | d'Amanda C | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2): 80-81 | ||
| – Country Report: Upper Volta. | SE/69.25 | |||
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Upper Volta | SE/WP/75.8 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| 1977 | [A year of utilization of a kit for the surveillance of cholera, yellow fever and smallpox in Upper Volta]. French | Saliou P, Rey JL, Breman JG, Stoeckel P | Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1977 70(5):544-52 | |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreak: Cameroon |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 44(8):150-8 | |
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Investigation of imported cases during the Smallpox Eradication Programme in Cameroon | Delas A | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):183-187 | ||
| – Country Report: Cameroon | SE/69.10 | |||
| 1977 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: United Republic of Cameroon | SE/CAC/77.2 | ||
| 1977 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire | AFR/Smallpox/86 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Assessment in the Central African Republic | Ewen N | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):103-108 | ||
| – Country Report: Central African Republic | SE/69-17 | |||
| 1977 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Central African Republic | SE/CAC/77.4 | ||
| 1977 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Burundi | SE/CAC/77.1 | ||
| 1977 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire | AFR/Smallpox/86 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | WER. Importation. From Nigeria. First case reported since 1965 | WHO | WER 7 Apr 1967 42(14):175 | |
| 1967 | WER. Outbreak. From importation. 81 cases, 21 deaths (26%) | WHO | WER 15 Sep 1967 42(37):424 | |
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Advantages and disadvantages of specialized and multi-purpose medical teams | Roux JM | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):208-212 | ||
| – Country Report: Chad | SE/69.15 | |||
| 1977 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Chad | SE/CAC/77.8 | ||
| 1977 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire | AFR/Smallpox/86 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1977 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Congo | SE/CAC/77.3 | ||
| 1977 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire | AFR/Smallpox/86 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | Status of smallpox eradication activities: DR Congo Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, DR Congo [Zaire], 19-26 November 1968 |
SE/68.11 | ||
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 31, 26 Sep 1969 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 44(39):557-61 | |
| 1971 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 61, 13 Aug 1971 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 46(33):348-52 | |
| 1971 | [The smallpox eradication campaign in the Republic of Zaire]. French | Lekie R | Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 64(5):761-75 | |
| 1972 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 69, 10 Mar 1972 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 47(10):109-13 | |
| 1976 | "White-wild" (variola-like) poxvirus strains from rodents in Equatorial Africa | Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM, Shenkman LS | Acta Virol 1976 20(1): 80-2 | |
| 1977 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Zaire | SE/CAC/77.9 | ||
| 1977 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire | AFR/Smallpox/86 | ||
| 2011 | Smallpox and its eradication in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Lessons learned Symposium: Smallpox Eradication after 30 Years: Lessons, Legacies and Innovations, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. 24-27 Aug 2010, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
Muyembe-Tamfum J-J, Mulembakani P, Lekie RB, Szczeniowski M, Ježek Z, Doshi R, Hoff N, Rimoin AW | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D13-D18 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1977 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Equatorial Guinea | SE/CAC/77.6 | ||
| 1977 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire | AFR/Smallpox/86 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Country Report: Gabon | SE/69.14 | |||
| 1977 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Gabon | SE/CAC/77.5 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Programme costs as related to vaccinations, morbidity and mortality in The Gambia | N'Dow PJ | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):221-223 | ||
| – Country Report: The Gambia | SE/69.16 | |||
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Gambia | SE/WP/75.11 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1964 | Smallpox eradication programme in Ghana Expert Committee on Smallpox, Geneva, 14-20 January 1964 |
Grant FC | Smallpox/WP.20 | |
| 1965 | Variolation in Ghana | Scott D | Epidemic Disease in Ghana 1901-1960, London, Oxford Univ Press, 1965 pp 83-4 | |
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreak: Ghana |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 44(8):150-8 | |
| 1969 | Field investigation of an outbreak of smallpox at Bawku, Ghana: May-October 1967 | de Sario V | WHO/SE/69.8 East Afr Med J 1970 47(10):524-35 |
|
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Surveillance techniques for detecting importations of smallpox. | Grant FC | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):66-68 | ||
| – Country Report: Ghana | SE/69.9 | |||
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Ghana | SE/WP/75.12 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Execution of smallpox eradication-measles control programme in Guinea | Barry El-Hadj A | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):36-40 | ||
| – Concurrent assessment during the smallpox eradication/measles control programme in Guinea - December 1967 through February 1969 | Alécaut B, Breman JG, Famba MK | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):90-96 | ||
| – Country Report: Guinea | SE/69.21 | |||
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Republic of Guinea | SE/WP/75.1 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| 1977 | Smallpox in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa: I. History and Epidemiology | Breman JG, Alécaut AB, Lane JM | Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 26(4):756-764 | |
| 1977 | Smallpox in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa. II. Eradication using mobile teams | Breman JG, Alécaut AB, Malberg DR, Charter RS, Lane JM | Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 26(4):765-74 | |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Republic of Guinea-Bissau | SE/WP/75.15 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | WER. Smallpox death. First case reported since 1965 | WHO | WER 7 Apr 1967 42(14):175 | |
| 1967 | Smallpox Surveillance Report Draft 2 Dec 1967. (Prepared but not distributed) Assessment by market surveys: Upper Volta, Ivory Coast |
Smallpox unit, WHO | SE/SR/67.2:18-19 | |
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Smallpox eradication in Africa: Principles for action in the maintenance phase | Binson B | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):177-180 | ||
| 1975 | Evaluation of a measles-smallpox vaccination campaign by a sero-epidemiologic method | Breman JG, Coffi E, Bomba-Ire R, Foster SO, Herrmann KL | Am J Epidemiol 1975 102(6):564-571 | |
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Republic of Ivory Coast | SE/WP/75.2 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Country Report: Liberia | SE/69.13 | |||
| 1971 | Special report: Human infection with monkeypox: Liberia and Sierra Leone | CDC, SEP Report V(1) | ||
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Liberia | SE/WP/75.9 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | Traditional beliefs about smallpox and its treatment in the Republic of Mali | Imperato PJ, Traoré D | J Trop Med Hyg 1968 71(9):224-8 | |
| 1968 | The practice of variolation among the Songhai of Mali | Imperato P | Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1968 62(6)863-73 | |
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 20, 21 Mar 1969 Outbreaks: Mali/Upper Volta border |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 44(12):205-11 | |
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Persistence of smallpox in remote unvaccinated villages. | Imperato P, Sow O, LaPointe M, Vastine D, Leonard TA | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):47-51 | ||
| – Role of migrant groups in the transmission of smallpox in Mali. | Sow O | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):55-56 | ||
| – Country Report: Mali | SE/WP/69.23 | |||
| 1970 | The transmission pattern of smallpox in a West African school population | Imperato PJ | J Trop Pediatr 1970 16(4):204-9 | |
| 1971 | The transmission pattern of smallpox in Eastern Mali | Fofana B, Imperato PJ, Nedvideck J | Acta Trop 1971 28(2):175-9 | |
| 1972 | The epidemiology of smallpox in the Republic of Mali | Imperato PJ, Sow O, Fofana B | Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972 66(1):176-82 | |
| 1973 | The persistence of smallpox in remote unvaccinated villages during eradication program activities | Imperato PJ, Sow O, Fofana B | Acta Trop 1973 30(4):261-8 | |
| 1974 | Observations on variolation practices in Mali | Imperato P | Trop Geogr Med 1974 26(4)429-40 | |
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Republic of Mali | SE/WP/75.3 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Mauritania | SE/WP/75.13 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | Assessment of Phase I of the Smallpox Eradication/Measles Control Program of Niger: 8-22 Jan 1969 | Henderson RH | CDC/USAID West Africa Smallpox Eradication/Measles Control Program | |
| – See also Notes from Niger (1969), a personal account of participation in the assessment above | d'Amanda C | C d'Amanda personal papers | ||
| 1970 | WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – A study of smallpox in the Tuaregs in Tahoua, Niger | Masso AR | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):57-58 | ||
| – The surveillance system and methods used to improve reporting, III. Niger | Alzouma I | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):63-65 | ||
| – Proposals for intercountry coordination | Tchellé L | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):78-79 | ||
| – Assessment of vaccination coverage and smallpox in five areas of West Africa. A summary of terminal assessment results | Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins D | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):109-132 | ||
| – Maintenance of smallpox immunity among the nomads | Alzouma I | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):181-182 | ||
| – Country Report: Niger | SE/69.19 | |||
| 1973 | Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa [Northern Nigeria, Western Nigeria, Niger, Dahomey, Togo] | Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins DL, Foege WH | Bull World Health Organ 1973 48(2):183-94 | OPEN |
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Niger | SE/WP/75.14 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1965 | A comparison of two methods of vaccination against smallpox in Nigeria | Snell PH | West Afr Med J 1965 14(6):233-5 | (1) |
| 1967 | Smallpox Surveillance Report Draft 2 Dec 1967. (Prepared but not distributed) A pilot assessment project—Kano, Nigeria |
Smith EA, Adeoye PO, Jones CJ; Smallpox unit, WHO | SE/SR/67.2:14-17 | |
| 1967 | Simultaneous administration of live measles virus vaccine and smallpox vaccine | Sherman PM, Hendrickse RG, Montefiore D, Peradze T, Coker G | Br Med J 1967 2(5553):672-6 | OPEN |
| 1968 | Faith Tabernacle smallpox epidemic, Abakaliki, Nigeria | Thompson D, Foege WH | WHO/SE/68.3 | |
| 1968 | Characteristics of an epidemic of smallpox, Gerere Hamlet, Nigeria—1968 | Pifer J, Adeoye CL | WHO/SE/68.5 | |
| 1969 | [Organization of operations for single-stage smallpox vaccination of the population of one of the regions of western Nigeria]. Russian | Lugovskiĭ IP | Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 46(1):93-5 | |
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – The value of surveillance newsletters | Smith EA, Foster SO | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):53-57 | ||
| – Concurrent assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Programme in Mid-West State, Nigeria | Mebitaghan IS, Okoh PA | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):97-102 | ||
| – Assessment of vaccination coverage and smallpox in five areas of West Africa. A summary of terminal assessment results | Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins D | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):109-132 | ||
| – The value, efficiency, and limitations of collecting points in mass vaccination programmes | Smith EA, Foster SO, Adetosoye JI, Mebitaghan IS, Adeoye PO, Pifer JM | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):199-204 | ||
| – Country Report: Nigeria | SE/69.22 | |||
| – Country Report: Nigeria (Northern States) | SE/69.24 | |||
| 1970 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 43, 26 Jun 1970 Outbreak: Nigeria |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 45(26):278-82 | |
| 1970 | Recurrence of smallpox in Nigeria 1970 Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, India, 30 Nov-5 Dec 1970 |
Foege WH | WHO/SE/71.30:45-51 | |
| 1971 | Selective epidemiologic control in smallpox eradication | Foege WH, Millar JD, Lane JM | Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):311-315 | |
| 1973 | Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa [Northern Nigeria, Western Nigeria, Niger, Dahomey, Togo] | Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins DL, Foege WH | Bull World Health Organ 1973 48(2):183-94 | OPEN |
| 1973 | Simultaneous administration of smallpox, measles, yellow fever, and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus antigens to Nigerian children | Ruben FL, Smith EA, Foster SO, Casey HL, Pifer JM, Wallace RB, Atta AI, Jones WL, Arnold RB, Teller BE, Shaikh ZQ, Lourie B, Eddins DL, Doko SM, Foege WH | Bull World Health Organ 1973 48(2):175-81 | OPEN |
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Nigeria | SE/WP/75.4 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| 1976 | Freedom from smallpox. Case histories on four countries where cases were missed for extended periods [Brazil, Botswana, Indonesia, Nigeria] | Henderson DA | WHO/SE/76.85 | |
| 1979 | Human monkeypox in West Africa Case in Nigeria and area summary |
WHO | WER 12 Jan 1979 2:12-13 | |
| 1979 | [Preliminary results of an investigation into a case of monkeypox in Nigeria]. French | Gromyko AI, Daramola M | SME/79.3 | |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Country Report: Senegal | SE/69.11 | |||
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Senegal | SE/WP/75.5 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 17, 7 Feb 1969 Outbreak: Sierra Leone |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 44(6):113-6 | |
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Results of investigation and control programme in Sierra Leone | Cummings EC, Hopkins DR, Thornton JN | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):41-44 | ||
| – Associated with exposure at a funeral ceremony: Smallpox outbreak, Yawei Chiefdom, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone | Cummings EC, Hopkins DR, Thornton JN | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):52-54 | ||
| – Country Report: Sierra Leone | SE/69.8 | |||
| 1970 | The Smallpox Eradication Programme in Sierra Leone Inter-regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, India, 30 Nov-5 Dec 1970 |
Cummings EC | WHO/SE/71.30: 32-44 | |
| 1971 | Special report: Human infection with monkeypox: Liberia and Sierra Leone | Cummings EC | CDC, SEP Report V(1) | |
| 1971 | Two funeral-associated smallpox outbreaks in Sierra Leone | Hopkins DR, Lane JM, Cummings EC, Millar JD | Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):341-7 | |
| 1971 | Smallpox in Sierra Leone. I. Epidemiology | Hopkins DR, Lane JM, Cummings EC, Millar JD | Am J Trop Med Hyg 1971 20(5):689-96 | |
| 1971 | Smallpox in Sierra Leone. II. The 1968-69 eradication program | Hopkins DR, Lane JM, Cummings EC, Thornton JN, Millar JD | Am J Trop Med Hyg 1971 20(5):697-704 | |
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Sierra Leone | SE/WP/75.6 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | "Negative" epidemiological enquiries within the framework of the smallpox eradication programme | Glokpor GF | WHO/SE/69.12 | |
| 1970 | Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969 | |||
| – Use of house-to-house surveys in finding smallpox cases | Agle AN | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):45-46 | ||
| – The role of fetish practices in vaccination campaigns | Robbins GE | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):62-64 | ||
| – The surveillance system and methods used to improve reporting, I. Togo | Agbodjan LP | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):58-69 | ||
| – Benefits of intercountry coordination | Agle AN | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):82 | ||
| – Assessment of vaccination coverage and smallpox in five areas of West Africa. A summary of terminal assessment results | Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins D | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):109-132 | ||
| – Comparative advantages of jet injectors and bifurcated needles | Glokpor GP | CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):205-207 | ||
| – Country Report: Togo | SE/69.12 | |||
| 1970 | Epidemiological investigations—Smallpox Eradication Programme in Togo - 1969 | Glokpor GF, Agle AN | WHO/SE/70.21 | |
| 1973 | Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa [Northern Nigeria, Western Nigeria, Niger, Dahomey, Togo] | Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins DL, Foege WH | Bull World Health Organ 1973 48(2):183-94 | OPEN |
| 1975 | Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Togo | SE/WP/75.7 | ||
| 1976 | Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta | AFR/Smallpox/80 | ||