Summary and Regional Information

---

For more information, see:
Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 23

---

Smallpox Importations to Non-Endemic Countries 1958-1974¹

Country	Year	# of importations	Locality 1st affected	Origins	Cases	Deaths	Mortality Rate
Belgium	1961 1968 Total	1 1 2	Brussels Namur	Zaire - air Zaire - air	1 1 2	1 - 1	100% - 50%
Czechoslovakia	1967	1	Prague	India - air	1	-	-
Denmark	1970	1	Skodsborg	Afghanistan - air	2	1	50%
East Germany	1959	1	Berlin	India - air	1	-	-
West Germany	1958-59 1961 1965 1967 1969 Total	1 3 1 2 1 8	Heidelberg Ansbach, Dusseldorf, Lammersdorf Kulmbach Regensburg, Hanover Meschede	India - air India (2), Liberia (1) - air Tanzania - air India - air Pakistan - air	20 43 2 3 20 88	2 4 - - 4 10	10% 9% - - 20% 11%
Poland	1962 1963 Total	1 1 2	Gdansk Wroclaw	India - sea India - air	33 100 133	- 7 7	- 7% 5%
Spain	1961	1	Madrid	India - air	17	3	18%
Sweden	1962	1	Stockholm	?Indonesia - air	27	4	15%
Switzerland	1963	1	Zurich	Gabon - air	1	-	-
United Kingdom2	1959 1960 1961 1962 1967 1968 1973 Total	1 1 3 3 1 1 1 11	Liverpool London Bromwich, London, Bradford Birmingham, Cardiff, London London London London	Unknown Malaysia - air Pakistan - air Pakistan - air (2), India - sea (1) Pakistan - air Pakistan - air India - air	1 1 19 51 2 1 1 76	- - 7 19 - - - 26	- - 37% 37% - - - 34%
USSR3	1959 1961 Total	2 2 4	Termez, Moscow Moscow, Kirovabad	Afghanistan - land, India - air Afghanistan - land, India - air	47 2 49	3 - 3	6% - 6%
Yugoslavia	1972	1	Kosovo	Iraq - land	176	35	20%
Total		34			573	90	16%

---

1. Source: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, 1988), Table 23.2, p 1074
2. In 1978, a laboratory-associated exposure in the UK resulted in 2 cases and 1 death.
3. In 1971, an outbreak of 10 cases with 3 deaths occurred in Aralsk, Kazakhstan. Although investigated by the Soviet government, the outbreak was not disclosed to WHO until 2003. Its source remains undetermined but may have been a biological weapons facility.

---

Regional Information

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 48, 9 Oct 1970 Europe: Importations 1961-1970	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(41):453-8	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe	PF Wehrle, J Posch, KH Richter, DA Henderson	Bull World Health Organ 1970 43(5):669-79	PMCID: PMC2427800
1972	Smallpox in Europe, 1950-1971	Mack TM	J Infect Dis 1972 125(2):161-9	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/125.2.161
1974	Importations of smallpox into Europe, 1961-1973	Henderson DA	WHO/SE/74.62 and WHO Chron 1974 28: 428-30	WHO: 10665/67627

---

Non-endemic countries: Australia

---

Endemic smallpox never became established in Australia, New Zealand, or other Pacific islands. For more information, see:

• Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapters 5 (pp 240-2) & & 8 (pp 361-2)
• The History of Small-pox in Australia, 1788-1908 (Cumpston JHL, Melbourne: Govt Printer, Australia, 1914. Quarantine Service Pub No 3)
• The History of Small-pox in Australia, 1909-1923 (Cumpston JHL, McCallum F, Melbourne: Govt Printer, Australia, 1925. Dept of Health Service Pub No 29)

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
HISTORICAL
1983	Smallpox in aboriginal Australia, 1829-31	Campbell J	Hist Stud 1983 20(81):536-56	DOI: 10.1080/10314618308682899
1985	Macassans and aboriginal smallpox: the "1789" and "1829" epidemics	Butlin NG	Hist Stud 1985 21:315-35	DOI: 10.1080/10314618508595710
1985	Smallpox in aboriginal Australia: the early 1830s	Campbell J	Hist Stud 1985 21:336-58	DOI: 10.1080/10314618508595711
1985	[Letter] Smallpox in Australia; reply by Fenner F	Hingston RG, Fenner F	Med J Aust 1985 142(4):278	DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113338.x
1996	Smallpox at Kurri Kurri. 1915		Med J Aust 1996 164(2):93
2009	Smallpox and cowpox under the Southern Cross: the smallpox epidemic of 1789 and the advent of vaccination in colonial Australia	Bennett MJ	Bull Hist Med 2009 83(1):37-62	DOI: 10.1353/bhm.0.0167
2014	Smallpox vaccination, colonial Sydney and serendipity	Weston KM, Gallagher WC, Branley JM	Med J Aust 2014 200(5):295-7	DOI: 10.5694/mja13.11021
VACCINATION & POLICY
1964	Vaccination of Australian schoolchildren in the absence of smallpox	Woodward WW	Med J Aust 1964 1:166-7	DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1964.tb134252.x
1968	A smallpox vaccination survey in New South Wales	Freedman ML	Med J Aust 1968 1(3):83-7	DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1968.tb27491.x
1979	WER. Adverse reactions to smallpox vaccination, Sep 7 1979 Australia, USA: Case reports. Editorial note	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1979 Sep 7 54(36):276-7	WHO: 10665/222707
1979	Immunization: herpes, smallpox, measles, mumps—N.H. & M.R.C. recommendations		Aust Nurses J 1979 9(3):24-6
POST-ERADICATION
2005	Australian public and smallpox	Durrheim DN, Muller R, Saunders V, Speare R, Lowe JB	Emerg Infect Dis 2005 11(11):1748-50	DOI: 10.3201/eid1111.041129 PMCID: PMC3367348
2019	Health system capacity in Sydney, Australia in the event of a biological attack with smallpox	MacIntyre CR, Costantino V, Kunasekaran MP	PLoS One 2019 14(6):e0217704	DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217704 PMCID: PMC6568391
2020	Serological immunity to smallpox in New South Wales, Australia	Costantino V, Trent MJ, Sullivan JS, Kunasekaran MP, Gray R, MacIntyre R	Viruses 2020 12(5)	DOI: 10.3390/v12050554 PMCID: PMC7291091

---

Non-endemic countries: Belgium

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1968	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Belgium. Importation, origin not reported	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 Oct 11 43(41):522	WHO: 10665/216842

---

Non-endemic countries: Canada

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
HISTORICAL
1829	Account of the typhus fever, and fatal epidemic variola and varioloid disease, that prevailed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in the summer of 1827 and winters of 1827-8	Donnelly W	Lond Med Phys J 1829 7(37):11-21	PMCID: PMC5671076
1885	Small-pox in Canada, and the methods of dealing with it in the different provinces	Bryce PH	Public Health Pap Rep 1885 11:166-81	PMCID: PMC2266210
1914	Smallpox in New South Wales		Can Med Assoc J 1914 4(8):721-4	PMCID: PMC406711
1915	The recent epidemic of small-pox in New South Wales: its diagnosis and prevention	Armstrong WG	Proc R Soc Med 1915 8(Sect Epidemiol State Med):1-18	PMCID: PMC2004206
1921	Recent smallpox in Edmonton and deductions therefrom	Whitelaw TH	Can Med Assoc J 1921 11(11):805-8	PMCID: PMC1524409
1924	The epidemic of virulent smallpox in Windsor and the vicinity	Adams F	Can Med Assoc J 1924 14(8):692-6	PMCID: PMC1707573
1924	Lessons from the Windsor outbreak of smallpox: from the Provincial Board of Health, Ontario		Can Med Assoc J 1924 14(4):315-6	PMCID: PMC1707452
1924	A smallpox epidemic	Dewar RK	Can Med Assoc J 1924 14(7):629-30	PMCID: PMC1707699
1926	The Seymour Plan for elimination of diphtheria, smallpox and typhoid		Can Med Assoc J 1926 16(11):1376-7	PMCID: PMC1709129
1927	The specific duties of medical officers of health in dealing with communicable diseases: part I-smallpox, typhoid fever, diphtheria	Roberts J	Can Med Assoc J 1927 17(10 Pt 1):1178-82	PMCID: PMC408174
1940	Hospital care of smallpox in Montreal	Stewart RC	Can Med Assoc J 1940 43(4):381-3	PMCID: PMC1826494
1946	[Editorial] Smallpox in Canada: is there danger of an outbreak?		Can Med Assoc J 1946 55(1):71	PMCID: PMC1582869
1965	Smallpox control in Canada	Best EW, Davies JW	Can Med Assoc J 1965 92(24):1247-52	PMCID: PMC1928403
1999	Smallpox and its control in Canada	McIntyre JW, Houston CS	CMAJ 1999 161(12):1543-7	PMCID: PMC1230874
2004	Averting disaster: the Hudson's Bay Company and smallpox in western Canada during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries	Hackett P	Bull Hist Med 2004 78(3):575-609	DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2004.0119
POST-ERADICATION
1980	WER. Complications of smallpox vaccination, Aug 29 1980 Canada. 3 case reports	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1980 Aug 29 55(35):271	WHO: 10665/223198

---

Non-endemic countries: Czechoslovakia

---

Importations and outbreaks (1959-1974):

1. Mar 1967, Prague, by air from India. 1 case (survived)

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Czechoslovakia. 1st case reported since 1925; origin India, air crew	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Mar 17 42(11):142	WHO: 10665/215934
1968	[Analysis of the measures taken in a case of smallpox introduced into Czechoslovakia]. Czech	Krásná V, Balâková D	Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1968 17(4):217-24
1976	Measures for smallpox eradication in the Czech countries at the beginning of the 19th century	Raška K	Int J Epidemiol 1976 5(3):227-9	DOI: 10.1093/ije/5.3.227
1981	[Contribution of Czechoslovak health services to the world-wide eradication of smallpox]. Czech	Ježek Z, Serý V	Cesk Zdrav 1981 29(5):191-7

---

Non-endemic countries: France

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
Pre-20th CENTURY
2000	[The rapid expansion of the anti-variola vaccination in France in the 19th century] French	Haas C	Ann Med Interne (Paris) 2000 151(7):523-6
2021	[Letter] Variola virus DNA in skeletal remains, 17th to 18th centuries, southeastern France	Meffray A, Ardagna Y, Sillano B, Parmentier S, Pouget B, Signoli M, Biagini P	Clin Microbiol Infect 2021 27(12):1871-2	DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.015
1900-1966
1947	[About the recent epidemic of smallpox in the Paris region] France	Boyer J, Tissier M	Ann Hyg Publique Ind Soc 1947 25(6):278-84
1948	[The incursion of smallpox in 1948 in Paris] French	Boyer J	Ann Hyg Publique Ind Soc (1923) 1948 26(5):167-74
1952	[Present status of smallpox in France] French	Le Bourdelles B	Bull Acad Natl Med 1952 136(24-26):449-52
1953	[Epidemiological data on smallpox in France, 1945-1952] France	Boide D, Goulley R, Bernard L, Viguie	Rev Hyg Med Soc 1953 1(1):20-30
1953	[The epidemic of smallpox in Marseilles, January-April, 1952; clinical, etiological and therapeutic considerations] French	Periot, Orsini, Espinas, Louchet	Arch Fr Pediatr 1953 10(3):315-8
1955	[On the recent epidemic of smallpox; mathematical theory of epidemics and rumors] French	Duhamel J	Presse Med 1955 63(34):717-8
1955	[Report on the smallpox epidemic in France] German	Herrlich A	Munch Med Wochenschr 1955 97(10):303-4
1955	[The 1955 smallpox epidemic] French	Le Bourdelles B	Bull Acad Natl Med 1955 139(25-26):417-20
1955	Technical note on the epidemic of smallpox in Morbihan	Le Bourdelles B	Rev Pathol Gen Physiol Clin 1955 55(668):827-9
1955	[Smallpox epidemic in Vannes from December 1954 to March 1955] French	Leroux, Amphoux, Billaud, Bouillaud, Cadoret G, Delord, Duhamel Y, Lobrichon, Baldrich, Audouy	Presse Med 1955 63(31):639-42
1956	[Lessons of the smallpox epidemic of 1955] French	Le Bourdelles B	Rev Prat 1956 6(12):1299-308
1956	[Two cases of smallpox in Saint-Die; epidemiological and prophylactic considerations]	Melnotte P, Polge F, Gillot J	Rev Hyg Med Soc 1956 4(1):41-3
1958	[Report of a recent verdict concerning smallpox vaccination relative to vaccinal obligation] French	Benard	Bull Acad Natl Med 1958 142(23-24):623-4
1966	[In the name of the Commission of Vaccinations. On the subject of a proposed circular concerning the bringing up to date of technical instructions to be recommended to physicians in charge of anti-smallpox vaccination and revaccination] French	Benard H	Bull Acad Natl Med 1966 150(34):706-10
1966	[Vaccination statistics for the year 1964 (smallpox vaccination)] French	Chassagne P, Devaux JP	Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med 1966 21(4):659-62
1967	[Vaccination statistics for 1965 (smallpox vaccination)] French	Martin-Bouyer G, Devaux JP	Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med 1967 22(5):1017-20
1967 & LATER
1970	[Smallpox vaccination in France. 1967] French	Martin-Bouyer G, Devaux JP, Veiga-Pires H	Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med 1970 25(4):817-30
1977	[Persistant danger of smallpox and necessity of continuing mandatory smallpox vaccination in France] French; Eng abst	Merklen FP	Sem Hop 1977 53(31-32):1655-61
1980	[Deaths due to smallpox vaccination in France 1968-1977] French; Eng abst	Martin-Bouyer C, Foulon G, de Solan M, Torgal J, N'Guyen K, Martin-Bouyer G	Arch Fr Pediatr 1980 37(3):199-206

Non-endemic countries: Germany

---

Germany eliminated endemic smallpox in 1922, but importations with limited spread occurred annually through 1930 and again from 1945-49. Periodic importations continued to occur through 1969.

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
EARLY SMALLPOX CONTROL
1965	[On an old habit of "variola or smallpox buying". A study in medical history] German	Laubstein H	Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1965 20:312-4
1973	[Origins of smallpox vaccination (variolation) in Halle and surroundings] German	Kaiser W, Werner K	Z Gesamte Hyg 1973 19(11):806-12
1965	[Smallpox vaccination in the area of the grand duchy Saxe-Altenburg] German	Moller R	Dtsch Med J 1965 16(19):619-23
1955	[Smallpox mortality and vaccination in Oberlausitz in the beginning of the 19th century] German	Tutzke D	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1955 139(1):75-84
1956	[Importance of the Gorlitz physician Dr. C.A. Struve in the wide-spread cow pox vaccination in Upper Lusatia in 1800-1807] German	Tutzke D	Beitr Gesch Pharm Ihrer Nachbargeb 1956 7(2):76-91
2002	The geographical transmission of smallpox in the Franco-Prussian War: prisoner of war camps and their impact upon epidemic diffusion processes in the civil settlement system of Prussia, 1870-71	Smallman-Raynor M, Cliff AD	Med Hist 2002 46(2):241-64	PMC: PMC1044497
1987	[Smallpox vaccination in Prussia up to the state vaccination law of 1874, with special reference to the Frankfurt (Oder) government district] German	Stein J	Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1987 81(20):1081-3
1968	[From the Smallpox House to University Clinic. Contribution to the history of the Surgical Clinic on Nussbaum Street] German	Feifel G, Sebening F, Mazur F, Reimold G, Schlotterer H, Thiele E	Munch Med Wochenschr 1968 110(8):499-506
1973	[Opponents of smallpox vaccination and their propaganda in the 19th century and later] German	Trub CL, Posch J, Richter KH	Med Monatsschr 1973 27(2):68-77
INTRODUCTION OF COMPULSORY VACCINATION
1890	Disappearance of small-pox in Germany		Science 1890 16(394):107	DOI: 10.1126/science.ns-16.394.107
1898	Vaccination and small-pox in Germany		Br Med J 1898 1(1933):157-8	PMC: PMC2410400
1898	Small-pox and vaccination in Germany		Br Med J 1898 1(1942):770	PMC: PMC2410992
1898	Small-pox and vaccination in Germany		Br Med J 1898 2(1957):25-8	PMC: PMC2433870
1899	Small-pox mortality in Germany in 1897, and vaccination in 1896		Br Med J 1899 2(2011):158	PMC: PMC2411668
1900	Vaccination and small-pox in Germany		Br Med J 1900 2(2080):1383-5	PMC: PMC2463582
1903	Small-pox isolation in Germany		Br Med J 1903 2(2234):1091-2	PMC: PMC2514486
1904	Small-pox in Germany		Hospital (Lond 1886) 1904 36(918):67-8	PMC: PMC5205762
1905	Small-pox in the German army: new and interesting testimony"		Br Med J 1905 2(2343):1410-1	PMC: PMC2322409
1907	The mortality of the frontier provinces of Germany from small-pox and other causes		Br Med J 1907 2(2431):270-3	PMC: PMC2357961
1914	Smallpox in Germany	Jones ER	Public Health Rep 1914 29:164-8
SMALLPOX CONTROL POST-1945
1948	[Sporadic cases of variola vera and variolois in February-March 1947] German	Zur G	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1948 73(17-20):195-8	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1118098
1951	[Observations and experiences in connection with smallpox vaccination in the postwar period] German	Sauer W, Trub CL	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1951 134(2):149-50
1952	[Postwar observations and experiences with smallpox vaccinations] German	Sauer W, Trub CL	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1952 136(8):594-600
1957	[Studies and experience in administration of smallpox vaccination in the North Rhine-Westphalia region. IV] German	Sauer W, Trub CL	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1957 141(3):198-209
1958	[150 Years of legal smallpox vaccination in Hessen and Bayern] v	Puschel E	Offentl Gesundheitsdienst 1958 19(10):431-7
1959	[Methods & results of the virological & serological studies on the smallpox epidemic in Heidelberg (December 1958 to January 1959)] German	Bingel KF, Kruse F	Medizinische 1959 4(20):961-9
Smallpox Outbreaks 1961-62
1961	[Smallpox in Ansbach 1961] German	Herrlich A, Diesfeld HJ, Schmidt H	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1961 86:1413-20	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1112951
1962	[The 1961/62 smallpox outbreak in Nordrhein-Westfahlen] German	Anders W, Posch J	Bundesgesundheitsblatt 1962 17:265-9
1962	[Lessons from smallpox in North Rhine-Westphalia] German	Studt H	Offentl Gesundheitsdienst 1962 24:351-70
1962	[The early exanthematic signs of variola major (Experiences in West German smallpox attacks in 1962)] German	Stuettgen G	Med Welt 1962 14:732-8
1964	[The smallpox cases in Dusseldorf, 1961-62: clinical report] German	Baier D	Munch Med Wochenschr 1964 106:1917-26
1964	[Protective clothing for the transport of smallpox patients] German	Sittmann J	Offentl Gesundheitsdienst 1964 26:70-3
1966	[Smallpox in Kulmbach (1965)]	Freidank P, Heeger W, Spies A, Stickl H	Munch Med Wochenschr 1966 108(16):869-74
1967	[Smallpox in Germany after the war. A study on the value of smallpox vaccination] German	Buchwald G	Med Welt 1967 15:948-56
1967	[Smallpox outbreaks in post-war Germany. A result of an inoculation technic and deficient vaccination schedule] German	von Mutzenbecher H	Med Welt 1967 28:1665-8
1969	[Smallpox vaccination 1961-1965 and postvaccinal complications 1946-1966 in the land of North-Rhine-Westphalia]. German	Trüb CL, Ehlers F	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1969 153(4):354-65
Smallpox Outbreaks 1967
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Germany. Regensburg; origin India; returning tourist	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Mar 17 42(11):141	WHO: 10665/215934
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Germany. Hannover; origin India, returning researcher	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Mar 31 42(13):162	WHO: 10665/215956
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Germany. Hannover; no secondary cases	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Apr 7 42(14):175	WHO: 10665/215967
1968	[Smallpox in Regensburg. A clinical and epidemiological analysis of 2 patients] German	Epp C, Schopp W	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1968 93(9):384-7	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1105073
Smallpox Outbreak, Meschede 1970
1970	WER. Smallpox. Germany. Meschede; importation from Pakistan, air.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 Jan 23 45(4):41	WHO: 10665/217570
1970	WER. Smallpox. Germany. Meschede; Outbreak; 2 confirmed cases (1 death), 1 suspected case	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 Jan 30 45(5):47	WHO: 10665/217592
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 38, 27 Feb 1970 Smallpox vaccine and vaccination techniques. Outbreak update: Meschede, Germany	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(9):93-8	WHO: 10665/217639 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 40, 17 Apr 1970 Importations: Germany, Saudi Arabia, Uganda, Zambia. Indonesia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(16):177-85	WHO: 10665/217702 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 42, 4 Jun 1970 Outbreak update: Meschede, Germany	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(23):249-56	WHO: 10665/217758 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	[Smallpox outbreak in Meschede. Preliminary report]. German	Richter KH, Ippen H	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1970 154(1):88-9
1970	An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe	Wehrle PF, Posch J, Richter KH, Henderson DA	Bull World Health Organ 1970 43(5):669-79	PMCID: PMC2427800
1970	Airborne transmission of smallpox		Br Med J 1970 4(5728):127	PMCID: PMC1819915
1971	The recent outbreak of smallpox in Meschede, West Germany	Gelfand HM, Posch J	Am J Epidemiol 1971 93(4):234-237	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121251
1971	[What to do in cases of suspected smallpox? Experience with imported and suspected cases] German	Ippen H, Richter KH	Internist (Berl) 1971 12(8):305-8
1971	The epidemiological observations made in the two smallpox outbreaks in the land of North Rhine-Westphalia, 1962 at Simmerath (Eifel region) and 1970 at Meschede	Richter MK	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 64(5):775-7
1973	[Two cases of smallpox in Hanover (1967 and 1972): clinical features, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis] German	Höpken W, Willers H, Knocke KW, Olberding P, Liess B, Petzold K, Laufs R, Raub HW	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1973 98(12):587-93	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1106864
1973	[Smallpox in Yugoslavia and Hanover in 1972] German	Buchwald G	Med Klin 1973 68(39):1271-4
Vaccination Policy
1971	[Thoughts on the evaluation of smallpox vaccination by the Federal Health Service] German	Ehrengut W	Fortschr Med 1971 89(27):1019-20
1972	[Smallpox vaccination. Consequences of recommendations of the Federal Institute of Public Health in various states]. German	Seeber E	Ther Ggw 1972 111(3):382-8
1972	[Problems of compulsory smallpox vaccination] German	Buchwald G	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1972 34(9):547-56
1972	[Conditions for abolishing compulsory vaccination against smallpox] German	Habs H	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1972 34(7):370-6
1974	[Useful pathogens. 100 years of mandatory smallpox vaccination in Germany] German	Stengel H	Z Allgemeinmed 1974 50(31):1396-8
1975	[New regulations for compulsory smallpox vaccination. Decision of the plenary session of the Federal Health Council on November 25 and 26, 1974]. German		Dtsch Krankenpflegez 1975 28(4):173-4
1975	[The present-day situation in smallpox vaccination] German	Stickl H	Med Klin 1975 70(47):1893-8
1975	[Compulsatory vaccination against smallpox in the German Federal Republic] German	Spiess H, Pilars de Pilar CE	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1975 37(9):577-9
1975	[The situation of the compulsary vaccination against smallpox in the F.R. Germany (author's transl)]	Stickl H	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1975 37(9):582-4

---

Non-endemic countries: Italy

---

Italy eliminated endemic smallpox in 1928, but importations with limited spread occurred almost annually through 1942. Endemic transmission was reestablished in 1944 but interrupted again by 1949. Sporadic importations through 1950; the last one was reported in 1957.

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
16th-18th CENTURY
1986	[Letter] Intact smallpox virus particles in an Italian mummy of sixteenth century	Fornaciari G, Marchetti A	Lancet 1986 2(8507):625	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92443-8
1986	[Letter] Smallpox in an Italian mummy	Field AM	Lancet 1986 2(8510):816	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90342-9
1986	[Letter] Italian smallpox of the sixteenth century	Fornaciari G, Marchetti A	Lancet 1986 2(8521-22):1469-70	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92793-5
1950	[Smallpox and vaccination in Udine and Friuli in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries] Italian	Premuda L	Clin Nuova Rass Prog Med Int 1950 10(18):790-2 andClin Nuova Rass Prog Med Int 1950 10(19):827-32
1970	[Specific preventive measures against smallpox in Siena before Jenner vaccination] Italian	Barsini G, Bosco G	G Batteriol Virol Immunol Ann Osp Maria Vittor Torino 1970 63(11):842-51
2004	[First attempts at smallpox engrafting (variolation) in the 18th-century in Bologna] Italian	Sabbatani S	Infez Med 2004 12(1):76-82
1964	[The contribution of the Sacro Collegio dei Filosofi e Medici of Padua to variolation in the domain of Venice] Italian	Ongaro G	Atti Mem Accad Stor Arte Sanit 1964 63:115-21
1966	[Giovanni Bianchi (Jano Blanco) and the polemics on smallpox inoculation] Italian	Manzi L	Atti Mem Accad Stor Arte Sanit 1966 32(3):62-9
1969	[Compulsory smallpox vaccination in Sardinia] Italian	Turco GC	G Batteriol Virol Immunol Ann Osp Maria Vittor Torino 1969 62(5):461-71
19th CENTURY - VACCINATION
1957	[First Italian works on Jennerian vaccination] Italian	Rocchietta S	Minerva Med 1957 48(30):Varia, 639-40
1976	[Jennerian vaccination in Siena at the beginning of the 19th century] Italian	Barsini G, Bosco G	G Batteriol Virol Immunol 1976 69(7-12):296-311
2001	[Smallpox vaccination in Siena during the Napoleonic era] Italian	Vigni L	Infez Med 2001 9(2):115-8
1997	[Luigi Sacco and the history of smallpox in Italy] Italian	Scarani P, Nebuloni M	Pathologica 1997 89(2):211-4
2022	Smallpox vaccination and vaccine hesitancy in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1801) and the great modernity of Ferdinand IV of Bourbon: a glimpse of the past in the era of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic	Martini M, Bifulco M, Orsini D	Public Health 2022 213:47-53	DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.09.012 PMCID: PMC9519518
1970	[Smallpox epidemic in Turin in 1829] Italian	Griva L	Minerva Med 1970 61(56):3127-37
1968	[Smallpox vaccination in Bologna from 1815 to 1860] Italian	Manzi L, Ascanelli P	Bull Sci Med (Bologna) 1968 140(3):233-72
2007	[Smallpox in Ferrara in the nineteenth century] Italian	Guidi E, Angelini L, Cervato K, Pizzo F, Rizzetto R, Fortini M, Contini C	Infez Med 2007 15(1):66-80
2013	[Treatment and remedies against smallpox outbreaks in Ferrara in the late nineteenth century] Italian	Vicentini CB, Manfredini S, Altieri L, Lupi S, Guidi E, Contini C	Infez Med 2013 21(3):235-48
1899	On vaccination and small-pox in the Italian army	Livi R	Br Med J 1899 1(2000):1017-21	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2000.1017 PMCID: PMC2463039
1966	[Variolization and vaccination against smallpox in the works of Italian poets and writers] Italian	Ponte PL	Minerva Med 1966 57(91):varia 1469+
20th CENTURY
1947	[Practical considerations on smallpox infection; memories of a smallpox epidemic in winter 1911-1912] Italian	Marocco G	Minerva Med 1947 38(18):445-7
1949	[On the sidelines of the news of smallpox cases that occurred in Rome] Italian	Bizzarrini G	Minerva Med 1949 40(25):Varia, 501-3
1958	[An epidemic outbreak of smallpox in Naples] Italian	Purpura G	Ann Sanita Pubblica 1958 19(3):545-68
1980	WER. Smallpox surveillance. Italy. Investigation of patient with rash and travel in SE Asia; suspected chickenpox	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1980 Apr 25 55(17):127	WHO: 10665/223027
1980	WER. Smallpox surveillance. Italy. Chickenpox confirmed	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1980 May 2 55(18):135	WHO: 10665/223041
1980	Another smallpox scare	Wade N	Science 1980 208(4444):579	DOI: 10.1126/science.208.4444.579

---

Non-endemic countries: Mexico

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1965	[Smallpox in Mexico] Spanish	Moreno Valle R	Salud Publica Mex 1965 7(2):149-54	saludpublica.mx/index.php/spm/issue/view/197/showToc
1965	[Smallpox - a constant menace] Spanish World Health Day address, 7 April 1965	Coll HA	Salud Publica Mex 1965 7(2):283-6	saludpublica.mx/index.php/spm/issue/view/197/showToc
1969	[Susceptibility to smallpox in the marginal population of the Distrito Federal] Spanish	Calderón E, Larios G, Gómez D, Heredia A, Vanzzini V, Genera Y	Salud Publica Mex 1969 11(1):53-60	saludpublica.mx/index.php/spm/issue/view/206/showToc
1977	[The 25th anniversary of smallpox eradication in Mexico. III. From the independence (1821) till the eradication]. Spanish	Erosa-Barbachano A	Gac Med Mex 1977 113(12):560-2

---

Non-endemic countries: Netherlands

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1985	WER. Smallpox: Post-eradication surveillance. Netherlands. Chickenpox mistaken for smallpox	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1985 May 24 60(21):162-3	WHO: 10665/225382

---

Non-endemic countries: Nordic Countries

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
DENMARK
2009	Safeguarding slaves: smallpox, vaccination, and governmental health policies among the enslaved population in the Danish West Indies, 1803-1848	Jensen NT	Bull Hist Med 2009 83(1):95-124	DOI: 10.1353/bhm.0.0179
Outbreak 1970
1971	[Smallpox isolation in Blegdam hospital] Danish	Nielsen V	Tidsskr Sygepl 1971 71(2):77 passim
FINLAND
1984	Historical epidemiology of smallpox in Aland, Finland: 1751-1890	Mielke JH, Jorde LB, Trapp PG, Anderton DL, Pitkanen K, Eriksson AW	Demography 1984 21(3):271-95
1949	[Smallpox disease epidemic in the Roma community] Finnish	Rouhunkoski S	Duodecim 1949 65(9):705-10
ICELAND
1871	Small-pox imported into Iceland by French fishing vessels, stamped out by quarantine and sulphurous fumigations	Hjaltelin J	Br Med J 1871 2(566):519-20	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.566.519 PMC: PMC2261868
1977	Smallpox in Iceland	Steffensen J	Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1977:41-56
NORWAY
1985	[Introduction of smallpox vaccination in Christiania] Norwegian	Juhasz L	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1985 105(1):5-7
2000	[Smallpox in Telemark in the last part of the 19th century] Norwegian	Storesund A	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2000 120(30):3694-8
1956	[Smallpox vaccination of school children in Oslo] Norwegian	Bjerkedal T	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1956 76(19):686-9
1973	[Actions taken during a smallpox epidemic cost 10 million Norwegian crowns] Norwegian		Nord Med 1973 88(7):216
1993	[The last victims of smallpox in Ytre Nordhordland. Experiences of a local physician] Norwegian	Sandvik H	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1993 113(17):2096-8
SWEDEN
HISTORICAL
1976	[On the history of smallpox in Sweden] Swedish	Arvidsson SO	Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1976:67-78
1977	[A gleaning from the Swedish history of smallpox: From chill-inducing drugs via variolation to the emergence of cow pox vaccine] Swedish		Lakartidningen 1977 74(3):137-8
1994	[From dreaded epidemic to rare disease - smallpox in Sweden 1750-1900] Swedish	Skold P	Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1994:87-108
1963 Smallpox Outbreak, Stockholm
1965	[Experiences in the 1963 smallpox vaccination campaign of Post Office personnel in the Stockholm area]. Swedish	Ostlund E, Bloom G, Sandberg E	Soc Med Tidskr 1965 42:9-23
1966	Supplement: Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963.	Strom J, Zetterberg B (eds)	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:5-171
	— Preface	Strom J, Zetterberg B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:5	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05069.x
	— Epidemiology of smallpox in Stockholm 1963	Zetterberg B, Ringertz O, Svedmyr A, Wallmark G, Alin K	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:7-42	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05070.x
	— Apparatus for mass vaccination against smallpox	Peterson N	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:43-44	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05071.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. II. Case histories	Zetterberg B, Ringertz O, Svedmyr A, Wallmark G, Alin K, Ström J, Gerzén P, Herzenberg H, Jansson U, Ursing J, Werneman H	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:45-56	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05072.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. III. Diagnosis, clinical classification and symptoms, differential diagnosis and therapy	Ström J, Gerzén P, Herzenberg H, Jansson U, Ursing J, Werneman H	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:57-65	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05073.x
	— Organization of hospital care for smallpox cases at the hospital for infectious diseases in Stockholm	Ström J	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:66-70	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05074.x
	— Virological findings during the smallpox outbreak in Stockholm in 1963	Espmark A, Biberfeld G, Fagraeus A, Johnsson T, Jonsson J, Magnusson B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:71-86	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05075.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. V. Postvaccinal reactions and complications	Bengtsson E, Hansson S, Nyström B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:87-104	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05076.x
	— Neurological complications after smallpox vaccination	Holmgren B, Lindblom U	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:105-112	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05077.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. Circulatory studies in patients with abnormal ECG in the course of postvaccinal complications	Bengtsson E, Holmgren A, Nyström B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:113-126	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05078.x
	— ECG-changes without subjective symptoms after smallpox vaccination of military personnel	Ahlborg B, Linroth K, Nordgren B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:127-134	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05079.x
	— Smallpox vaccination of patients with increased risk of complications	Ericsson H	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:135-138	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05080.x
	— Smallpox vaccination during pregnancy	Engström L	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:139-146	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05081.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. The assessment, and the vaccination, of patients with cutaneous disorders	Eriksson G, Forsbeck M	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:147-157	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05082.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. Postvaccinal dermatoses	Rajka G, Nilzén A	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:158-161	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05083.x
	— Vaccinia antigens for skin testing. Preparation of antigens and quantitative studies of skin reactions in "standard populations"	Noren L, Espmark A, Fagraeus A, Holm SE, Lindahl J, Lycke E, Marquardt J	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:162-9	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05084.x
	— A case of asthma after vaccination against smallpox	Ekbom K	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:170-171	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05085.x

---

Non-endemic countries: Poland

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
Epidemic in Gdansk 1962
1965	[Smallpox epidemic in Gdansk in 1962]. Polish	Bincer J, Wysoczyńska H, Trzaska B	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(4):421-31
Epidemic in Wroclaw 1963
1965	[The peripheral blood picture in complications after smallpox vaccinations in 1963]. Polish	Migdalska-Kassurowa	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19:75-81
1965	[Difficulties in the morphologic diagnosis of smallpox during the Wrocław epidemic in 1963]. Polish	Cywicki J, Reck J	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(2):168-70
1965	[Mass smallpox vaccinations in Poland in 1963 and the epidemic situation of viral hepatitis]. Polish	Kulesza A, Kacprzak M, Milewska L	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(3):321-30
1965	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox during the 1963 epidemic in Poland]. Polish	Mészáros J, Fidziańska E, Kreska B	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(3):335-46
1965	[Impressions from the smallpox epidemic 1963 in the People's Republic of Poland]. German	Hornik J	Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1965 59(8):471-4
1965	[Diagnostic difficulties in cases of smallpox during the Wroclaw epidemic in 1963]. Polish	Reck J, Stachurska I	Wiad Lek 1965 18:557-63
1965	[Cases of hemorrhagic diathesis in smallpox patients during the 1963 Wroclaw epidemic]. Polish	Surowcowa-Swidzińska A, Hawling T, Oleksin D	Pol Tyg Lek 1965 20(34):1277-9
1965	[Eye complications after smallpox vaccination during the smallpox epidemic in Wroclaw in 1963]. Polish	Krudysz J	Klin Oczna 1965 35:23-7
1966	[Laboratory characteristics of variola strains isolated during the smallpox epidemic in Poland in 1963]. Polish	Mészáros J	Przegl Epidemiol 1966 20(4):417-22
1968	[Analysis of complications in vaccinated children during the epidemic of smallpox in 1963 in the province of Wroclaw]. Polish	Maszkiewicz W, Penar S	Pol Tyg Lek 1968 23(32):1195-8
Other
1972	[Beginnings of smallpox vaccination in Poland]. Polish	Konopka S	Arch Hist Med (Warsz) 1972 35(3):303-8
1975	The level of some smallpox antibodies in selected population groups of several regions of Poland: In the years 1970-1973	Potajallo U	Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia 1975 26(3-4):395-405

---

Non-endemic countries: United Kingdom

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1947	The smallpox outbreak on Merseyside, 1946	Peirce ER	Public Health 1947 60:79-81	DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(46)80086-6
1965	Importing of smallpox		Br Med J 1965 1(5441):1075	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5441.1075 PMCID: PMC2166905
1966	Mild smallpox		Br Med J 1966 1(5498):1248-9	PMCID: PMC1844583
Importation to London, Oct 1967
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. UK. London; origin Pakistan, air	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Oct 20 42(42):479	WHO: 10665/216257
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. UK. London; 2nd case	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Nov 3 42(44):500	WHO: 10665/216279
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. UK. London; no additional cases	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Nov 10 42(45):512	WHO: 10665/216288
Importation to London, Mar 1968
1968	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. UK. London; origin Pakistan, air	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 Mar 8 43(10):141	WHO: 10665/216484
Suspected importation, Jan 1969
1969	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. UK. London; suspected importation from Pakistan confirmed not to be smallpox	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 Jan 3 44(1):9	WHO: 10665/216974
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 62, 3 Sep 1971 Importations into non-endemic countries. Change in national vaccination policy: UK	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(36):376-9	WHO: 10665/218498 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox unawares		Br Med J 1973 2(5858):70	PMCID: PMC1589099
1974	WER. Vaccinia infections. UK. Report	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 May 10 49(19):169	WHO: 10665/219854
1975	WER. Eczama vaccinatum and vaccina. UK. Report	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 Sep 5 50(36):313-4	WHO: 10665/220509
1978	Laboratory-associated smallpox, Birmingham, Sep-Oct
	— WER. Smallpox surveillance. UK. Birmingham; lab-associated case	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 Sep 1 53(35):265-6	WHO: 10665/222067
	— WER. Smallpox surveillance. UK. Birmingham; actions taken	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 Sep 8 53(36):271	WHO: 10665/222080
	— WER. Smallpox surveillance. UK. Birmingham; death of index case; 1 secondary case	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 Sep 15 53(37):279	WHO: 10665/222093
	— WER. Smallpox surveillance. UK. Birmingham; update	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 Sep 22 53(38):283	WHO: 10665/222106
	— WER. Smallpox surveillance. UK. Birmingham; no additional cases; 2 cases, 1 death (50%)	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 Oct 6 53(40):295	WHO: 10665/222130
1978	New smallpox outbreak leads scientist to suicide	Wade N	Science 1978 201(4361):1108	URL: science.sciencemag.org/content/201/4361/1108.1
1978	New smallpox case seems lab-caused	Wade N	Science 1978 201(4359):893	URL: science.sciencemag.org/content/201/4359/893
1979	Smallpox death in Britain challenges presumption of laboratory safety	Hawkes N	Science 1979 203(4383):855-6	URL: science.sciencemag.org/content/203/4383/855
1979	WER. Vaccinia virus surveillance. UK. Statistical report	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1979 May 11 54(19):150	WHO: 10665/222492
1979	WER. Adverse reactions to smallpox vaccination. UK: Case report	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1979 Oct 26 54(43):330	WHO: 10665/222771
1980	WER. Communicable disease control. The development of a laboratory-associated national epidemiological service in England and Wales	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1980 Feb 6 55(6):41-7	WHO: 10665/222909

---

Non-endemic countries: USSR

---

For more information, see: How It Was: The Global Smallpox Eradication Programme in Reminiscences of its Participants [Engl transl] (Marennikova SS (ed), Novosibirsk, TSERIS, 2011). This book describes the contributions of the USSR to WHO's smallpox eradication program, including high-quality vaccine and laboratory research. Doctors participating as epidemiologists describe field operations and experiences.

In 1971, an outbreak of 10 cases with 3 deaths occurred in Aralsk, Kazakhstan. Although investigated by the Soviet government, the outbreak was not disclosed to WHO until 2003. Its source remains undetermined but may have been a biological weapons facility.

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
HISTORICAL
1970	[The history of smallpox eradication in the USSR] Russian	Kravchenko AT	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1970 47(2):3-8
1982	[History of the elimination of smallpox in the USSR] Russian	Vasil'ev KG, Vasil'ev KK	Vopr Virusol 1982 (1):113-6
1965	[Contributions to the history of smallpox vaccination in Byelorussia] Russian	Beliatskii DP	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 42(8):148-51
1973	Dr. Thomas Dimsdale and smallpox inoculation in Russia	Clendenning PH	J Hist Med Allied Sci 1973 28(2):109-25	DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/xxviii.2.109
1984	Doctor Thomas Dimsdale, and smallpox in Russia. The variolation of the Empress Catherine the Great	Griffiths J	Bristol Med Chir J 1984-s 99(369):14-6	PMC: PMC5077001
1970	[Lenin's decree concerning the control of natural smallpox] Russian	Kravchenko AT	Vopr Virusol 1970 15(1):3-6
SMALLPOX CONTROL & ERADICATION
1952	[Ways of elimination of some communicable diseases in the USSR] Russian	Zhdanov VM, Timakov VD	Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR 1952 3:41-50
1958	[Basic aspects of the investigation of smallpox and other viral diseases in the USSR; review] Russian	Morozov MA	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1958 29(7):90-8
1958	Eradication of Smallpox 11th World Health Assembly, Provisional Agenda Item 6.9	Government of the USSR	A11/P&B/18	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1959	[Trip of Soviet physicians to Pakistan and control of cholera and smallpox] Russian	Pastukhov BN	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1959 30(2):148-51
1961	[An outbreak of smallpox in Moscow during 1959-1960] Russian	Baroian OV, Serenko AF	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1961 32:72-9
1961	[Clinical aspects and differential diagnosis of smallpox. (On data on an outbreak of transmitted smallpox in Moscow in January, 1960] Russian	Eremian AV	Sov Med 1961 25:40-51
1977	[Sources of international cooperation of the USSR in the control of quarantine diseases] Russian	Ladnyi ID, Gol'd E	Sov Zdravookhr 1977 (1):72-5
1978	[Worldwide program for the eradication of smallpox. V. Contribution of the USSR to the program of smallpox eradication throughout the world] Russian	Ladnyi ID	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 (8):14-20
THE 1971 OUTBREAK IN ARALSK, KAZAKHSTAN
2003	The 1971 smallpox outbreak in the Soviet city of Aralsk: Implications for Variola virus as a bioterrorist threat. Proceedings of special issue		Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):79-190
	— Foreword	Atshabar BB	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):79-80	DOI: 10.1080/713610416
	— Introduction	Tucker JB, Zilinskas RA	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):81-95	DOI: 10.1080/713610417
	— An epidemiological analysis of the 1971 smallpox outbreak in Aralsk, Kazakhstan	Zelicoff AP	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):97-108	DOI: 10.1080/713610418 PMCID: PMC9491329
	— Report on measures taken to contain and eradicate the smallpox outbreak locale in the city of Aralsk (September/October, 1971)	Sarynov E, Kulmakhanov B, Makatov Z	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):109-44	DOI: 10.1080/713610419 PMCID: PMC9491311
	— Report on measures taken to contain and eradicate the smallpox outbreak locale in the city of Aralsk (October, 1971)	Sarynov E, Kulmakhanov B	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):145-8	DOI: 10.1080/713610420
	— Report on measures taken to contain and eradicate the smallpox outbreak locale in the city of Aralsk. Autopsy report	Sarynov E, Kulmakhanov B	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):149-58	DOI: 10.1080/713610421
	— Commentary on implications of the 1971 outbreak in Aralsk, Kazakhstan, for U.S. Smallpox Vaccination Policy (No. 1)	Atlas RM, Clover R	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):159-61	DOI: 10.1080/713610422
	— Commentary on the 1971 smallpox epidemic in Aralsk, Kazakhstan, and the Soviet Biological Warfare Program (No. 2)	Gilsdorf JR	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):163-7	DOI: 10.1080/713610423 PMCID: PMC9491310
	— Commentary on Dr. Alan Zelicoff's epidemiological analysis of the Aralsk outbreak (No. 3)	Henderson DA	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):169-70	DOI: 10.1080/713610424
	— Commentary on Dr. Alan Zelicoff's analysis of the Aralsk outbreak (No. 4)	Jahrling PB	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):171-2	DOI: 10.1080/713610425
	— Commentary on Dr. Alan Zelicoff's analysis (No. 5)	Merkle PB	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):173-4	DOI: 10.1080/713610426
	— Commentary on Dr. Alan P. Zelicoff's analysis (No. 7)	Woodall J	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):177-82	DOI: 10.1080/713610428
	— Comments on the comentaries	Zelicoff AP	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):183-90	DOI: 10.1080/713610429

---

Non-endemic countries: United States

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1965	Smallpox immunization in the United States	Kempe CH, Benenson AS	JAMA 1965 194(2):161-6	DOI: 10.1001/jama.1965.03090150053013
1965	Place of smallpox vaccination in the United States	Lebrun AJ	Arch Environ Health 1965 10:79-83	DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1965.10663956
1969	Routine childhood vaccination against smallpox reconsidered	Lane JM, Millar JD	N Engl J Med 1969 281(22):1220-4	DOI: 10.1056/NEJM196911272812205
1971	The case for abolishing routine childhood smallpox vaccination in the United States	Neff JM	Am J Epidemiol 1971 93(4):245-247	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121254
1971	Possible alternatives to routine smallpox vaccination in the United States	Benenson AS	Am J Epidemiol 1971 93(4):248-252	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121255
1974	WER. Smallpox and vaccinia. USA.Recommendations for suspected smallpox case	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 Sep 27 49(39):326-9	WHO: 10665/220039
1979	WER. Adverse reactions to smallpox vaccination. USA: Case report. Editorial note	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1979 Sep 7 54(36):276-7	WHO: 10665/222707

---

Yugoslavia

---

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 70A, 21 Apr 1972 Outbreak: Yugoslavia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(16):161-2	WHO: 10665/218843 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox in Yugoslavia		Med J Aust 1972 1(21):1063-4
1973	[Smallpox in Yugoslavia and Hanover in 1972 (author's transl)]. German	Buchwald G	Med Klin 1973 68(39):1271-4
1973	Epidemiologic aspects of smallpox in Yugoslavia in 1972	S Litvinjenko, B Arsić, S Borjanović	WHO/SE/73.57	WHO: 10665/67617
1974	[Vaccination state of the patients with smallpox in Kosovo]. Serbian	Kecmanović M, Suvaković V	Srp Arh Celok Lek 1974 102(6):427-37

---