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Policy Recommendations for the Post-Eradication Era

Final Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Dec 1979
WHO/SE/79.152: 10665/68285


  1. Smallpox vaccination should be discontinued in every country except for investigators at special risk.
  2. International smallpox vaccination certificates should no longer be required of any travellers.
Reserve Stocks of Vaccine
  1. Sufficient freeze-dried smallpox vaccine to vaccinate 200 million people should be maintained by WHO in refrigerated depots in two countries, together with stocks of bifurcated needles.
  2. The stored vaccine should be periodically tested for potency.
  3. Seed lots of vaccinia virus suitable for the preparation of smallpox vaccine should be maintained in designated WHO collaborating centres.
  4. National health authorities that have vaccine stocks should be asked to inform WHO of the amount of vaccine maintained.
Investigation of Reported Smallpox Cases
  1. In order to maintain public confidence in the fact of global eradication, it is important that rumours of suspected smallpox, which can be expected to occur in many countries, should be thoroughly investigated. Information should be provided to WHO, if requested, so that it can be made available to the world community.
  2. WHO should maintain an effective system to coordinate and participate in the investigation of suspected smallpox cases throughout the world. The international smallpox rumour register should be maintained.
Laboratories Retaining Variola Virus Stocks
  1. No more than four WHO collaborating centres should be approved as suitable to hold and handle stocks of variola virus. A collaborating centre would be approved only if it had adequate containment facilities. Each such centre should report relevant information on their safety measures annually to WHO and be inspected periodically by WHO.
  2. Other laboratories should be asked to destroy any stocks of variola virus that they hold, or transfer them to an approved WHO collaborating centre.
Human Monkeypox
  1. In collaboration with country health services, WHO should organize and assist a special surveillance programme on human monkeypox, its epidemiology, and its ecology in areas where it is known to have occurred. The programme should continue until 1985, when a further assessment of the situation the should be made.
Laboratory Investigation
  1. WHO should continue to encourage and coordinate research on orthopoxviruses.
  2. WHO should maintain the system of WHO collaborating centres for carrying out diagnostic work and research on orthopoxviruses.
  3. Research workers who do not work in a WHO collaborating centre and who wish to carry out experiments with variola or whitepox virus that are approved by the appropriate WHO committee should be offered the use of the special facilities in a WHO collaborating centre.
  4. Research on poxviruses other than variola or whitepox viruses should not be performed under circumstances where there is any possibility of cross-contamination with these two agents.
Documentation of the Smallpox Eradication Programme
  1. WHO should ensure that appropriate publications are produced describing smallpox and its eradication and the principles and methods that are applicable to other programmes.
  2. All relevant scientific, operational and administrative data should be catalogued and retained for archival purposes in WHO headquarters and perhaps also in several centres interested in the history of medicine.
WHO Headquarters Staff
  1. An interregional team consisting of not less than two epidemiologists with past experience in the smallpox eradication campaign, plus supporting staff, should be maintained at WHO headquarters until at least the end of 1985. At least one additional field officer should be assigned to cover areas where human monkeypox is under investigation.
  2. WHO should set up a committee on orthopoxvirus infections.

Smallpox (Variola) Virus Destruction


Year Title Authors Source URL
1977 [Global program for liquidating smallpox. II. Scientific-organizational prerequisites for undertaking a program of smallpox liquidation]. Russian Ladnyi ID Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1977 (10):29-33
1977 Progress report on register of laboratories retaining variola virus, 28 July 1977 S2/180/3 S2/180/3
1977 Report of a Workshop on Safety Measures in Laboratories Retaining Variola Virus, Geneva, Switzerland, 1-4 Aug 1977 SME/77.2
1978 Laboratories with variola virus stocks Smallpox unit, WHO SME/78.25
1979 Report of meeting of officials from laboratories retaining variola virus and national control authorities concerned, 23-24 April 1979 WHO/SE/79.137
1979 WER. Safety standards in smallpox laboratories WHO Wkly Epidemol Rec 12 Jan 1979 54(2):13
1979 WER. Laboratories retaining virus WHO Wkly Epidemol Rec 19 Jan 1979 54(3):23
1979 Report of Consultation on the Justification for Retention and Use of Variola Virus in the Post Eradication Era WHO/SE/79.135
1979Should the smallpox virus be allowed to survive? Foege WHN Engl J Med 1979 300(12): 670-1DOI: 10.1056/NEJM197903223001210
1979Save the smallpox virus? DeWeese JDN Engl J Med 1979 301(4): 215-6DOI: 10.1056/NEJM197907263010414
1984Smallpox: post-eradication policy--destruction of variola virus stocks Centers for Disease ControlMMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1984 33(2): 24
1985Survival of smallpox virus Baxby D, Last JM, Jessmine AG, Thomas GLancet 1985 325(8423): 291DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91072-4
1987Stocks of variola virus Henderson DAAm J Public Health 1987 77(2): 238-239DOI: 10.2105/ajph.77.2.238-a
PMC: PMC1646822
1987What should be done about smallpox virus? Dumbell KLancet 1987 330(8565): 957-8DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91433-4
1987Conservation of smallpox virus Baxby DLancet 1987 330(8569): 1211-2DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91350-x
1987Eradication of smallpox virus stocks Greenaway PJ, Cowley RLancet 1987 330(8574): 1520DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92648-1
1987Call for destruction of smallpox virus Johnston KNature 1987 327(6119): 179DOI: 10.1038/327179c0
1990Smallpox virus. Lab stocks to go Aldhous PNature 1990 348(6303): 666DOI: 10.1038/348666c0
1993Why the smallpox virus stocks should not be destroyed Joklik WK, Moss B, Fields BN, Bishop DH, Sandakhchiev LSScience 1993 262(5137): 1225-6DOI: 10.1126/science.8235652
1993Scientists still debate the fate of smallpox virus Voelker RJAMA 1993 270(24): 2908DOI: 10.1001/jama.1993.03510240016005
1993End of the line for smallpox virus? Nature 1993 366(6457): 711DOI: 10.1038/366711a0
1993Another reprieve for smallpox virus Lancet 1993 342(8870): 505-6DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91638-3
1993[The disease is eradicated but... should we destroy the smallpox virus species?] SwedishNorrby ELakartidningen 1993 90(46): 4121-2
1994Destruction of variola virus: Memorandum. Based on the report of a meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopoxvirus Infections, Geneva, 9 Sep 1994 World Health OrganizationBull WHO 1994 72(6): 841-844PMC: PMC2486726
1994Smallpox virus: better to store? Hess PScience 1994 264(5156): 187DOI: 10.1126/science.8146643
PMC: PMC7110873
1994Smallpox virus stocks: more votes Small PA JrScience 1994 263(5149): 904DOI: 10.1126/science.263.5149.904
1994[Should stocks of smallpox virus be destroyed] FinnishHyypia T, Pettersson RFDuodecim 1994 110(9): 855-7
1994The destruction of smallpox virus stocks in national repositories: a grave mistake and a bad precedent Roizman B, Joklik W, Fields B, Moss BInfect Agents Dis 1994 3(5): 215-7
1994Smallpox virus stocks: more votes Turner WJScience 1994 263(5149): 903-4
1995What to do with the smallpox virus Imperato PJJ Community Health 1995 20(1): 1-3DOI: 10.1007/BF02260491
1995Smallpox virus destruction delayed yet again Marwick CJAMA 1995 273(6): 446DOI: 10.1001/jama.1995.03520300016007
1996A call for the destruction of smallpox virus stores Donohoe MTAm J Public Health 1996 86(2): 268DOI: 10.2105/ajph.86.2.268
PMC: PMC1380345
1996[Human victory over the smallpox virus. Only the death-blow remains] SwedishLundback HLakartidningen 1996 93(3): 135-7
1999Smallpox eradication. Destruction of variola virus stocks Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1999 74(24): 188-91
2000Smallpox eradication. WHO Advisory Committee on variola virus research Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2000 75(6): 45-8
2001 WER. Retention of variola virus stocks WHO Wkly Epidemol Rec 11 May 2001 76(19):142-5
2001Recent events and observations pertaining to smallpox virus destruction in 2002 Henderson DA, Fenner F.Clin Infect Dis 2001 33(7): 1057-1059DOI: 10.1086/323808
2001India's scientists question need for research on smallpox virus Kumar SLancet 2001 357(9262): 1106DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04326-9
2002Retention of variola virus stocks likely to be approved Kapp CLancet Infect Dis 2002 2(3): 130DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00212-8
2002WHO dissenter warns against plans to retain smallpox virus Sharma RBr Med J 2002 324(7329): 69DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7329.69/c
PMC: PMC1122037
2002Smallpox eradication: destruction of variola virus stocks Can Commun Dis Rep 2002 28(5): 40-
2002Smallpox eradication: destruction of variola virus stocks-WER Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2002 77(5): 34-8
2004[Should the human smallpox virus (variola) be destroyed?] NorwegianTryland MTidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2004 124(20): 2642-3
2005Biodefense. Unnoticed amendment bans synthesis of smallpox virus Enserink MScience 2005 307(5715): 1540-1DOI: 10.1126/science.307.5715.1540a
2007Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus? Agwunobi JOBr Med J 2007 334(7597): 775DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39156.490799.B
PMC: PMC1851995
2007Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus? Hammond EBr Med J 2007 334(7597): 774DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39155.695255.94
PMC: PMC1851992
2007Stockpiling smallpox virus Mack TMBr Med J 2007 334: 760DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39177.580729.BE
2011Where should we keep smallpox virus? Arita IBiosecur Bioterror 2011 9(2): 189DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2011.0013
2011Smallpox virus destruction and the implications of a new vaccine. Henderson DABiosecur Bioterror 2011 9(2): 163-168 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2011.0011
2011Why not destroy the remaining smallpox virus stocks? Lane JM, Poland GAVaccine 2011 29(16): 2823-4DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.081
2011Breaking the deadlock over destruction of the smallpox virus stocks Tucker JBBiosecur Bioterror 2011 9(1): 55-67DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2010.0065
2011Should remaining stockpiles of smallpox virus (variola) be destroyed? Weinstein RSEmerg Infect Dis 2011 17(4): 681-3DOI: 10.3201/eid1704.101865
PMC: PMC3377425
2013Smallpox still haunts scientists: results of a questionnaire-based inquiry on the views of health care and life science experts and students on preserving the remaining variola virus stocks Srinivasan T, Dedeepiya VD, John S, Senthilkumar R, Reena HC, Rajendran P, Balamurugan M, Kurosawa G, Iwasaki M, Preethy S, Abraham SJSci World J 2013 2013: 672813DOI: 10.1155/2013/672813
PMC: PMC3736420
2014Is it time to destroy the smallpox virus? Arita I, Francis DScience 2014 345(6200): 1010DOI: 10.1126/science.345.6200.1010-a
2014Are we there yet? The smallpox research agenda using variola virus Damon IK, Damaso CR, McFadden GPLoS Pathog 2014 10(5): e1004108DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004108
PMC: PMC4006926
2014'Forgotten' NIH smallpox virus languishes on death row Reardon SNature 2014 514(7524): 544DOI: 10.1038/514544a
Executive Board and World Health Assembly
1996 Executive Board, 97th Session, Jan 1996
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Director-General EB97/14
Resolution EB27.R24: Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Recommends destruction on 30 June 1999]
EB97.R24
49th World Health Assembly, May 1996
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Director-General A49/5
Resolution WHA49.10. Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Recommends destruction of variola virus stocks on 30 June 1999]
WHA49.10
1999 52nd World Health Assembly, May 1999
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A52/5
Resolution WHA52.10. Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Strongly reaffirms decision to destroy variola virus stocks but authorizes retention until 2002]
WHA52.10
2000 Executive Board, 106th Session, Jan 2000
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB106/3
53rd World Health Assembly, May 2000
Temporary retention of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A53/27
2001 55th World Health Assembly, May 2001
Temporary retention of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A54/16
2002 Executive Board,109th Session, Jan 2002
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB109/17
55th World Health Assembly, May 2002
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A55/21
Resolution WHA 55.15. Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Authorizes retention of variola virus stocks until research status allows consensus on destruction date]
WHA55.15
2003 Executive Board, 111th Session, Jan 2003
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB111/5
56th World Health Assembly, May 2003
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A56/14
2004 Executive Board, 113th Session, Jan 2004
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB113/34
57th World Health Assembly, May 2004
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A57/7
2005 58th World Health Assembly, May 2005
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A58/10
2006 Executive Board, 117th Session, Jan 2006
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB117/33
60th World Health Assembly, May 2006
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A59/10
2007 Executive Board, 120th Session, Jan 2007
Resolution EB120.R8: Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Strongly reaffirms decision to destroy variola virus stocks but reaffirms need for consensus on destruction date when research crucial to improved public-health outbreak response permits. Requests Director-General to conduct, in 2009-10, a major review of research so that 64th World Health Assembly (2010) may reach consensus.]
EB120.R8
60th World Health Assembly, May 2007
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A60/9
Destruction of variola virus stocks. 8th meeting of the WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research. Report by the Secretariat 60th World Health Assembly, A60/40
Resolution WHA60.1: Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Strongly reaffirms decision to destroy variola virus stocks but reaffirms need for consensus on destruction date. Destruction of variola virus will be a substantive agenda item for 64th World Health Assembly (2010).]
A60/R1
2008 61st World Health Assembly, May 2008
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A61/6
2010 Executive Board, 126th Session, Jan 2010
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB126/18
63rd World Health Assembly, May 2010
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A63/19
2011 Executive Board, 128th Session, Jan 2011
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB128/12
65th World Health Assembly, May 2011
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A64/17
2014 Executive Board, 134th Session, Jan 2014
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB134/34
2014 67th World Health Assembly, May 2014
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A67/37

Smallpox & Orthopoxvirus Research


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Other Issues


Year Title Authors Source URL
1978 Smallpox vaccine stocks Smallpox unit, WHO SME/78.22
1980 Management of suspected cases of smallpox in the post-eradication period Smallpox unit, WHO WHO/SE/80.157 Rev 1
1980 The confirmation and maintenance of smallpox eradication Breman JG, Arita I WHO/SE/80.156
1980 Management of reserve stocks of vaccine in the post-smallpox eradication era Smallpox unit, WHO WHO/SE/80.158 Rev 1
1981 Report of meeting on the implementation of post-smallpox eradication policy WHO/SE/81.159
1983 Smallpox eradication surveillance
Seventh general programme of work covering the period 1984-1989
SME/MTP/83.1
1987 Tasks in the wake of smallpox eradication Z Ježek World Health Forum 1987 8:293-6
1987 Can smallpox return? F Fenner World Health Forum 1987 8:297-304
2005 Global smallpox vaccine reserve. Report by the Secretariat Executive Board, 115th Session, Jan 2005 ? EB115/36
2005 Smallpox: Global smallpox vaccine reserve. Report by the Secretariat 58th World Health Assembly, May 2005 A58/9