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Policy Recommendations for the Post-Eradication Era

Final Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Dec 1979
WHO/SE/79.152: 10665/68285
  1. Smallpox vaccination should be discontinued in every country except for investigators at special risk.
  2. International smallpox vaccination certificates should no longer be required of any travellers.
Reserve Stocks of Vaccine
  1. Sufficient freeze-dried smallpox vaccine to vaccinate 200 million people should be maintained by WHO in refrigerated depots in two countries, together with stocks of bifurcated needles.
  2. The stored vaccine should be periodically tested for potency.
  3. Seed lots of vaccinia virus suitable for the preparation of smallpox vaccine should be maintained in designated WHO collaborating centres.
  4. National health authorities that have vaccine stocks should be asked to inform WHO of the amount of vaccine maintained.
Investigation of Reported Smallpox Cases
  1. In order to maintain public confidence in the fact of global eradication, it is important that rumours of suspected smallpox, which can be expected to occur in many countries, should be thoroughly investigated. Information should be provided to WHO, if requested, so that it can be made available to the world community.
  2. WHO should maintain an effective system to coordinate and participate in the investigation of suspected smallpox cases throughout the world. The international smallpox rumour register should be maintained.
Laboratories Retaining Variola Virus Stocks
  1. No more than four WHO collaborating centres should be approved as suitable to hold and handle stocks of variola virus. A collaborating centre would be approved only if it had adequate containment facilities. Each such centre should report relevant information on their safety measures annually to WHO and be inspected periodically by WHO.
  2. Other laboratories should be asked to destroy any stocks of variola virus that they hold, or transfer them to an approved WHO collaborating centre.
Human Monkeypox
  1. In collaboration with country health services, WHO should organize and assist a special surveillance programme on human monkeypox, its epidemiology, and its ecology in areas where it is known to have occurred. The programme should continue until 1985, when a further assessment of the situation the should be made.
Laboratory Investigation
  1. WHO should continue to encourage and coordinate research on orthopoxviruses.
  2. WHO should maintain the system of WHO collaborating centres for carrying out diagnostic work and research on orthopoxviruses.
  3. Research workers who do not work in a WHO collaborating centre and who wish to carry out experiments with variola or whitepox virus that are approved by the appropriate WHO committee should be offered the use of the special facilities in a WHO collaborating centre.
  4. Research on poxviruses other than variola or whitepox viruses should not be performed under circumstances where there is any possibility of cross-contamination with these two agents.
Documentation of the Smallpox Eradication Programme
  1. WHO should ensure that appropriate publications are produced describing smallpox and its eradication and the principles and methods that are applicable to other programmes.
  2. All relevant scientific, operational and administrative data should be catalogued and retained for archival purposes in WHO headquarters and perhaps also in several centres interested in the history of medicine.
WHO Headquarters Staff
  1. An interregional team consisting of not less than two epidemiologists with past experience in the smallpox eradication campaign, plus supporting staff, should be maintained at WHO headquarters until at least the end of 1985. At least one additional field officer should be assigned to cover areas where human monkeypox is under investigation.
  2. WHO should set up a committee on orthopoxvirus infections.

Smallpox (Variola) Virus Destruction


Year Title Authors Source URL
1977 [Global program for liquidating smallpox. II. Scientific-organizational prerequisites for undertaking a program of smallpox liquidation]. Russian Ladnyi ID Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1977 (10):29-33
1977 Progress report on register of laboratories retaining variola virus, 28 July 1977 S2.180.3
1977 Report of a Workshop on Safety Measures in Laboratories Retaining Variola Virus, Geneva, Switzerland, 1-4 Aug 1977 SME/77.2
1978 Laboratories with variola virus stocks Smallpox unit, WHO SME/78.25
1979 Report of meeting of officials from laboratories retaining variola virus and national control authorities concerned, 23-24 April 1979 WHO/SE/79.137
1979 WER. Safety standards in smallpox laboratories WHO Wkly Epidemol Rec 12 Jan 1979 54(2):13
1979 WER. Laboratories retaining virus WHO Wkly Epidemol Rec 19 Jan 1979 54(3):23
1979 Report of Consultation on the Justification for Retention and Use of Variola Virus in the Post Eradication Era WHO/SE/79.135
1979 Editorial: Should the smallpox virus be allowed to survive? Foege WH N Engl J Med 1979 300(12):670-1
1987 Letter: Stocks of variola virus Henderson DA Am J Public Health 1987 77(2): 238-239
1994 Destruction of variola virus: Memorandum. Based on the report of a meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopoxvirus Infections, Geneva, 9 Sep 1994 WHO Bull World Health Organ 1994 72(6):841-844
1999 Chronology of events related to variola virus destruction Unknown DA Henderson personal papers
2001 WER. Retention of variola virus stocks WHO Wkly Epidemol Rec 11 May 2001 76(19):142-5
2001 Recent events and observations pertaining to smallpox virus destruction in 2002. Henderson DA, Fenner F. Clin Infect Dis 2001 33(7): 1057-1059.
Executive Board and World Health Assembly
1996 Executive Board, 97th Session, Jan 1996
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Director-General EB97/14
Resolution EB27.R24: Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Recommends destruction on 30 June 1999]
EB97.R24
49th World Health Assembly, May 1996
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Director-General A49/5
Resolution WHA49.10. Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Recommends destruction of variola virus stocks on 30 June 1999]
WHA49.10
1999 52nd World Health Assembly, May 1999
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A52/5
Resolution WHA52.10. Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Strongly reaffirms decision to destroy variola virus stocks but authorizes retention until 2002]
WHA52.10
2000 Executive Board, 106th Session, Jan 2000
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB106/3
53rd World Health Assembly, May 2000
Temporary retention of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A53/27
2001 55th World Health Assembly, May 2001
Temporary retention of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A54/16
2002 Executive Board,109th Session, Jan 2002
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB109/17
55th World Health Assembly, May 2002
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A55/21
Resolution WHA 55.15. Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Authorizes retention of variola virus stocks until research status allows consensus on destruction date]
WHA55.15
2003 Executive Board, 111th Session, Jan 2003
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB111/5
56th World Health Assembly, May 2003
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A56/14
2004 Executive Board, 113th Session, Jan 2004
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB113/34
57th World Health Assembly, May 2004
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A57/7
2005 58th World Health Assembly, May 2005
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A58/10
2006 Executive Board, 117th Session, Jan 2006
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB117/33
60th World Health Assembly, May 2006
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A59/10
2007 Executive Board, 120th Session, Jan 2007
Resolution EB120.R8: Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Strongly reaffirms decision to destroy variola virus stocks but reaffirms need for consensus on destruction date when research crucial to improved public-health outbreak response permits. Requests Director-General to conduct, in 2009-10, a major review of research so that 64th World Health Assembly (2010) may reach consensus.]
EB120.R8
60th World Health Assembly, May 2007
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A60/9
Destruction of variola virus stocks. 8th meeting of the WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research. Report by the Secretariat 60th World Health Assembly, A60/40
Resolution WHA60.1: Destruction of variola virus stocks
[Strongly reaffirms decision to destroy variola virus stocks but reaffirms need for consensus on destruction date. Destruction of variola virus will be a substantive agenda item for 64th World Health Assembly (2010).]
A60/R1
2008 61st World Health Assembly, May 2008
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A61/6
2010 Executive Board, 126th Session, Jan 2010
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB126/18
63rd World Health Assembly, May 2010
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A63/19
2011 Executive Board, 128th Session, Jan 2011
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB128/12
65th World Health Assembly, May 2011
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A64/17
2014 Executive Board, 134th Session, Jan 2014
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat EB134/34
2014 67th World Health Assembly, May 2014
Destruction of variola virus stocks. Report by the Secretariat A67/37

Smallpox & Orthopoxvirus Research


Year Title Authors Source URL
1980 Conference on the Surveillance of Monkeypox and Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers, Brazzaville, Congo, 28 Apr-3 May 1980
A system of surveillance for monkeypox and haemorrhagic fever McCormick JB SME/80.6
[Biological security measures]. French Oviatt VR SME/80.8
WHO Committee on Orthopoxvirus Infections, Geneva, Switzerland
1982 Report of the 1st meeting, 3-5 Mar 1982 WHO/SE/82.160
1983 Report of the 2nd meeting, 15-17 Mar 1983 WHO/SE/83.161
1984 Report of the 3rd meeting, 28-30 Mar 1984 WHO/SE/84.162
1986 Report of the 4th meeting, 24-26 Mar 1986 SE/86.163
Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopoxvirus Infections, Geneva, Switzerland
1990 Report of the meeting, 11-13 Dec 1990 CDS/SME/91.1
1994 Report of the meeting, 9 Sep 1994 WHO/CDS/BVI/94.3
1995 Report by the Director General to the 95th Session of the Executive Board, Jan 1995 EB95/33
1999 Report of the meeting, 14-15 Jan 1999 WHO/CDS/CSR/99.1
2004 Report of the meeting, 31 Aug - 1 Sep 2004 WHO/CDS/CSR/ARO/2004.3
WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research
1999 Report of a WHO meeting, 6-9 Dec 1999 WHO/CDS/CSR/2000.1
2000 WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research Wkly Epidemol Rec 11 Feb 2000 75(6):45-8
2001 Report of the 2nd Meeting, 15-16 Feb 2001 WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/2001.17
2001 Report of the 3rd Meeting, 3-4 Dec 2001 WHO/CDS/CSR/GAR/2002.3
2002 Report of the 4th Meeting, 20-21 Nov 2002 WHO/CDS/CSR/GAR/2003.5
2004 Report of the 6th Meeting, 4-5 Nov 2004 WHO/CDS/CSR/ARO/2005.4
2006 Report of the 8th Meeting, 16-17 Nov 2006 WHO/CDS/EPR/2007.1
2007 Report of the 9th Meeting, 29-30 Nov 2007 WHO/HSE/EPR/2008.1
2008 Report of the 10th Meeting, 19-20 Nov 2008 WHO/HSE/EPR/2008.9
2009 Report of the 11th Meeting, 4-5 Nov 2009 WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2009.3
2010 Report of the 12th Meeting, 17-18 Nov 2010 WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2010.5
2010 Scientific review of variola virus research, 1999-2010
[Requested by 60th World Health Assembly, June 2007]
WHO WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2010.3
2010 Comments on the scientific review of variola virus research, 1999-2010 Advisory Group of Independent Experts to review the smallpox research programme (AGIES) WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2010.4
2011 Report of the 13th Meeting, 31 Oct-1 Nov 2011 WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2011.2
2012 Report of the 14th Meeting, 16-17 Oct 2012 WHO/HSE/PED/CED/2013.1
2013 Report of the 15th Meeting, 24-25 Sep 2013 WHO/HSE/PED/CED/2013.2
2013 Report to the World Health Organization Advisory Group of Independent Experts to review the smallpox research programme (AGIES) WHO/HSE/PED/CED/2013.3
2014 Report of the 16th Meeting, 20-21 Oct 2014 WHO/HSE/PED/CED/2015.2

Other Issues


Year Title Authors Source URL
1978 Smallpox vaccine stocks Smallpox unit, WHO SME/78.22
1980 Management of suspected cases of smallpox in the post-eradication period Smallpox unit, WHO WHO/SE/80.157 Rev 1
1980 The confirmation and maintenance of smallpox eradication Breman JG, Arita I WHO/SE/80.156
1980 Management of reserve stocks of vaccine in the post-smallpox eradication era Smallpox unit, WHO WHO/SE/80.158 Rev 1
1981 Report of meeting on the implementation of post-smallpox eradication policy WHO/SE/81.159
1983 Smallpox eradication surveillance
Seventh general programme of work covering the period 1984-1989
SME/MTP/83.1
1987 Tasks in the wake of smallpox eradication Z Ježek World Health Forum 1987 8:293-6
1987 Can smallpox return? F Fenner World Health Forum 1987 8:297-304
2005 Global smallpox vaccine reserve. Report by the Secretariat Executive Board, 115th Session, Jan 2005 ? EB115/36
2005 Smallpox: Global smallpox vaccine reserve. Report by the Secretariat 58th World Health Assembly, May 2005 A58/9