Summary and Regional Information

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For more information, see:
Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 23

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Smallpox Importations to Non-Endemic Countries of Europe 1958-1974¹

Country	Year	# of importations	Locality 1st affected	Origins	Cases	Deaths	Mortality Rate
Belgium	1961 1968 Total	1 1 2	Brussels Namur	Zaire - air Zaire - air	1 1 2	1 - 1	100% - 50%
Czechoslovakia	1967	1	Prague	India - air	1	-	-
Denmark	1970	1	Skodsborg	Afghanistan - air	2	1	50%
East Germany	1959	1	Berlin	India - air	1	-	-
West Germany	1958-59 1961 1965 1967 1969 Total	1 3 1 2 1 8	Heidelberg Ansbach, Dusseldorf, Lammersdorf Kulmbach Regensburg, Hanover Meschede	India - air India (2), Liberia (1) - air Tanzania - air India - air Pakistan - air	20 43 2 3 20 88	2 4 - - 4 10	10% 9% - - 20% 11%
Poland	1962 1963 Total	1 1 2	Gdansk Wroclaw	India - sea India - air	33 100 133	- 7 7	- 7% 5%
Spain	1961	1	Madrid	India - air	17	3	18%
Sweden	1962	1	Stockholm	?Indonesia - air	27	4	15%
Switzerland	1963	1	Zurich	Gabon - air	1	-	-
United Kingdom2	1959 1960 1961 1962 1967 1968 1973 Total	1 1 3 3 1 1 1 11	Liverpool London Bromwich, London, Bradford Birmingham, Cardiff, London London London London	Unknown Malaysia - air Pakistan - air Pakistan - air (2), India - sea (1) Pakistan - air Pakistan - air India - air	1 1 19 51 2 1 1 76	- - 7 19 - - - 26	- - 37% 37% - - - 34%
USSR3	1959 1961 Total	2 2 4	Termez, Moscow Moscow, Kirovabad	Afghanistan - land, India - air Afghanistan - land, India - air	47 2 49	3 - 3	6% - 6%
Yugoslavia	1972	1	Kosovo	Iraq - land	176	35	20%
Total		34			573	90	16%

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1. Source: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, 1988), Table 23.2, p 1074
2. In 1978, a laboratory-associated exposure in the UK resulted in 2 cases and 1 death.
3. In 1971, an outbreak of 10 cases with 3 deaths occurred in Aralsk, Kazakhstan. Although investigated by the Soviet government, the outbreak was not disclosed to WHO until 2003. Its source remains undetermined but may have been a biological weapons facility.

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Regional Information

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1987	Smallpox in Europe before the seventeenth century: virulent killer or benign disease?	Carmichael AG, Silverstein AM	J Hist Med Allied Sci 1987 42(2): 147-68	DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/42.2.147
1947	Revaccination in adults [UNRRA camps]	Broom JC	Lancet 1947 249(6447): 364-6	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(47)91182-3
1960	[Epidemiological considerations on smallpox hazards in Europe] German	Dumjahn G	Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1960 15: 2435-43
1963	[Checking of smallpox danger in Western Europe] Dutch	Beunders BJ	Acta Leiden 1963 32: 40-4
1965	[Editorial] Importing of smallpox		Br Med J 1965 1(5441): 1075	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5441.1075 PMC: PMC2166905
1965	[Smallpox In Europe] French	van de Calseyde PJ	Concours Med 1965 87: 2319-20
1967	[Smallpox in Europe] Norwegian	Madsen ST, Lerche C, Kvittingen J	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1967 87(24): 2034-6
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #48, 9 Oct 1970 Europe: Importations 1961-1970	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(41):453-8	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe	PF Wehrle, J Posch, KH Richter, DA Henderson	Bull World Health Organ 1970 43(5):669-79	PMC: PMC2427800
*1972	Smallpox in Europe, 1950-1971	Mack TM	J Infect Dis 1972 125(2):161-9	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/125.2.161
*1973	Air-transport, a main cause of smallpox epidemics today	Hagelsten JO, Jessen K	Aerosp Med 1973 44(7): 772-4
*1974	Importations of smallpox into Europe, 1961-1973	Henderson DA	WHO/SE/74.62 and WHO Chron 1974 28: 428-30	WHO: 10665/67627
2006	Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II	Bhatnagar V, Stoto MA, Morton SC, Boer R, Bozzette SA	BMC Public Health 2006 6: 126	DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-126 PMC: PMC1525174

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Austria

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1957	[Description & evaluation of a small pox epidemic in 1711] German	Wyklicky H	Wien Klin Wochenschr 1957 69(51): 971-3
2001	[Blindness due to variola in the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart] Czech	Dolezalova V	Cesk Slov Oftalmol 2001 57(4): 284-6
1946	[Edward Jenner and his influence on smallpox vaccination in Austria] German	Kaiser M	Wien Klin Wochenschr 1946 58(19): 301; passim
1946	[Edward Jenner and his influence on smallpox vaccination in Austria] German	Kaiser M	Wien Klin Wochenschr 1946 58(20): 317-21
1998	"Choose a lesser of two evils": Vinzenz Kern (1760-1829) and the introduction of vaccination in the Slovenian territories of the Habsburg monarchy — on the 200th anniversary of Jenner's discovery of the small-pox vaccination	Zupanic-Slavec Z, Toplac C	Wien Klin Wochenschr 1998 110(13-14): 501-6
1999	[Two hundred years ago: the first smallpox vaccinations in Vienna] German	Katscher F	Wien Klin Wochenschr 1999 111(8): 299-306
1946	[Activity report of the vario station of the Vienna State Vaccination Center from November 1918 to the end of December 1945] German	Hell HM	Wien Klin Wochenschr 1946 58(7): 109-11
1958	[Incidence of postvaccinal encephalitis in older persons in Austria] German	Berger K, Puntigam F	Wien Med Wochenschr 1958 108(3): 59-61
1970	[Prevention of fatal complications after smallpox vaccination. Successful measures in Austria (1951-1969)] German	Berger K	Munch Med Wochenschr 1970 112(43): 1946-52
*1973	Decrease in post vaccinal deaths in Austria after introducing a less pathogenic virus strain Intl Symp on Smallpox Vaccine, Bilthoven, Netherlands, Oct 1972	Berger K, Heinrich W	Symp Series Immunobiol Stand 19: 199-203 (Regamey RH, Cohen H, eds. Basel, S Karger)
1977	[The problem of mandatory smallpox vaccination in Austria] German	Vutuc C	Wien Med Wochenschr 1977 127(18): 569-72
2010	[30 years of global eradication of smallpox - observations on immunization in Austria] German	Kunze M	Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010 122(9-10): 262-4	DOI: 10.1007/s00508-010-1374-5
2010	[The battle against smallpox in Austria] German	Flamm H, Vutuc C	Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010 122(9-10):265-75	DOI: 10.1007/s00508-010-1379-0

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Belgium

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Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1948	[Clinical aspect of the smallpox epidemic observed at Liege in 1947] French	Nasheuer R, Plumier L	Rev Med Liege 1948 3(1): 1-5
1948	[Epidemiological overview of the Liege smallpox epidemic] French	Legros R	Rev Med Liege 1948 3(1): 6-9
1952	[Smallpox vaccination: for or against legal obligation] French	Henon	Arch Belg Med Soc 1952 10(8): 369-80
1968	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Belgium. Importation, origin not reported	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 Oct 11 43(41):522	WHO: 10665/216842
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report #8, Sep 13 1968 Importation: Belgium	WHO Smallpox unit	WER 1968 43(37):468-72	WHO: 10665/216790
1969	[A case of smallpox imported into Belgium] French	Courtois G, Lemoine P, Lartigue D, Dekegel D, Jamart P	Arch Belg Med Soc 1969 27(2): 81-96
1976	[Problems posed in 1976 by anti-smallpox vaccination] French	Geubelle F	Rev Med Liege 1976 31(20): 603-7

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Bulgaria

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Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1965	[On some problems in the use of viral vaccines in Bulgaria] German	Gantschewa Z	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1965 198(4): 416-22
1967	Smallpox and variolisation in the populations on Bulgarian soil	Zaprjanov N	Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1967 9(5): 298-302

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Czechoslovakia

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Karel Raska (1909-1987), a distinguished Czechoslovak epidemiologist, served as Director of the Division of Communicable Diseases in WHO Headquarters from 1963 to 1970. He was a staunch advocate within the Organization of global smallpox eradication, and played an important role in launching the Intensified Programme in 1967. He had previously been Director of the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, in Prague, which contributed a number of the epidemiologistswho worked for the Intensified Programme.

Dr Raska served in the program in Somalia, co-directing the containment of the last endemic case in Merka.

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Historical Smallpox & Its Control

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1953	[Origin of protective vaccination against smallpox in Czechoslovakia] Czech	Rozsivalvova E	Cas Lek Cesk 1953 93(1): 25-7
*1976	Measures for smallpox eradication in the Czech countries at the beginning of the 19th century	Raška K	Int J Epidemiol 1976 5(3):227-9	DOI: 10.1093/ije/5.3.227
1972	[History of smallpox in Moravia] Czech	Slavetinsky M	Vnitr Lek 1972 18(9): 917-21
1976	[Smallpox in the region of Olomouc in the 20th years of this century (The 180th anniversary of Jenner's discovery)] Czech	Slavetinsky M	Vnitr Lek 1976 22(11): 1125-8
2017	Characterization of two historic smallpox specimens from a Czech museum	Pajer P, Dresler J, Kabickova H, Pisa L, Aganov P, Fucik K, Elleder D, Hron T, Kuzelka V, Veleminsky P, Klimentova J, Fucikova A, Pejchal J, Hrabakova R, Benes V, Rausch T, Dundr P, Pilin A, Cabala R, Hubalek M, Stribrny J, Antwerpen MH, Meyer H	Viruses 2017 9(8)	DOI: 10.3390/v9080200 PMC: PMC5580457
2017	Comment: Characterization of two historic smallpox specimens from a Czech museum	Porter AF, Duggan AT, Poinar HN, Holmes EC	Viruses 2017 9(10)	DOI: 10.3390/v9100276 PMC: PMC5691628

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Smallpox in the 20th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1950	[Preliminary investigations on smallpox vaccination in 1950] Czech	Liska J	Cas Lek Cesk 1950 89(50): 1414-6
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Czechoslovakia. 1st case reported since 1925; origin India, air crew	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Mar 17 42(11):142	WHO: 10665/215934
1968	[Analysis of the measures taken in a case of smallpox introduced into Czechoslovakia]. Czech	Krásná V, Balâková D	Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1968 17(4):217-24
1976	[180 Years of successful anti-smallpox vaccination (author's transl)] Czech	Sneberger P	Cas Lek Cesk 1976 115(33-34): 1049-51
1980	[History of the last smallpox in Czechoslovakia] Czech	Slavetinsky M	Cesk Zdrav 1980 28(4): 172-4
1981	[Contribution of Czechoslovak health services to the world-wide eradication of smallpox]. Czech	Ježek Z, Serý V	Cesk Zdrav 1981 29(5):191-7
1980	[The participation of Czechoslovak epidemiology in the eradication of variola (author's transl)] Czech	Zuskova D	Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1980 29(5): 257-9
2001	[Variola in Ostrava] Czech	Plesnik V	Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2001 50(1): 39-44

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Denmark

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Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1838	Contributions to the history of the small-pox and of vaccination in Denmark		Br Foreign Med Rev 1838 5(9): 207-10	PMC: PMC5591715
2009	Safeguarding slaves: smallpox, vaccination, and governmental health policies among the enslaved population in the Danish West Indies, 1803-1848	Jensen NT	Bull Hist Med 2009 83(1):95-124	DOI: 10.1353/bhm.0.0179
1971	[Smallpox isolation in Blegdam hospital] Danish	Nielsen V	Tidsskr Sygepl 1971 71(2):77 passim
1976	[Coordinated vaccination policy in Scandinavia. Common storage of vaccine for smallpox?] Swedish		Nord Med 1976 91(6-7-1): 200

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Finland

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1964	[On smallpox vaccination in Abo at the beginning of 1800] Swedish	Lindberg J	Fin Lakaresallsk Handl 1964 108: 101-11
*1984	Historical epidemiology of smallpox in Aland, Finland: 1751-1890	Mielke JH, Jorde LB, Trapp PG, Anderton DL, Pitkanen K, Eriksson AW	Demography 1984 21(3):271-95
1948	[The new vaccination plan in Finland] Swedish	Rantasalo V, Wartiovaara T	Nord Med 1948 38(23): 1153-5
1949	[Smallpox disease epidemic in the Roma community] Finnish	Rouhunkoski S	Duodecim 1949 65(9):705-10
1964	The campaign against epidemic diseases in Finland	Haeroe AS	World Med J 1964 11: 173-6

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France

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France harbored endemic smallpox smallpox through 1936, and small (usually mild) oubreaks occurred almost annually through 1955.

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Historical Smallpox & Its Control

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
2021	[Letter] Variola virus DNA in skeletal remains, 17th to 18th centuries, southeastern France	Meffray A, Ardagna Y, Sillano B, Parmentier S, Pouget B, Signoli M, Biagini P	Clin Microbiol Infect 2021 27(12): 1871-2	DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.015
1961	[Apropos of the death of Louis XV] French	Joly A, Maroteaux P	Presse Med 1961 69: 2236-7
1953	[Before the Pasteur era in Pasteur's country; smallpox vaccination in Franche Comte in the 18th century] French	Delhoume L	Concours Med 1953 75(2): 167-8
1987	Thomas Michael Nowell and his 'Matiere de Boulogne': a neglected figure in the history of smallpox vaccination	Meynell E	J R Soc Med 1987 80(4): 232-8	DOI: 10.1177/014107688708000414 PMC: PMC1290767
2000	[The rapid expansion of the anti-variola vaccination in France in the 19th. Century] French	Haas C	Ann Med Interne (Paris) 2000 151(7): 523-6
*1867	[Experiments made at the Imperial Academy of Medicine with cow-pox or animal vaccine]	Depaul M	Memoires de l'Academie imperiale de Medecine 1867 28:1-55
2002	The geographical transmission of smallpox in the Franco-Prussian War: prisoner of war camps and their impact upon epidemic diffusion processes in the civil settlement system of Prussia, 1870-71	Smallman-Raynor M, Cliff AD	Med Hist 2002 46(2): 241-64	PMC: PMC1044497
1882	Report by Léon Colin, M.D., on the deaths of Esquimaux from small-pox, in Paris, in January 1881	Squire W	Trans Epidemiol Soc Lond 1882 4(Pt 4): 608-9	PMC: PMC5526413
1894	Does previous small-pox in the parents render their offspring insusceptible to the action of vaccine lymph?	Moir DM	Ind Med Gaz 1894 29(10): 391-3	PMC: PMC5197422
1901	Small-pox in Paris		Br Med J 1901 2(2126): 919	PMC: PMC2506982

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Smallpox in the 20th Century

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1947	[About a recent smallpox epidemic] French	Benard	Concours Med 1947 69(16): 673
1947	[About the recent epidemic of smallpox in the Paris region] French	Boyer J, Tissier M	Ann Hyg Publique Ind Soc (1923) 1947 25(6): 278-84
1948	[A smallpox epidemic in Paris in February-March 1947] French	Bourel M	Bull Inst Natl Hyg 1948 3(1): 111-22
1948	[The incursion of smallpox in 1948 in Paris] French	Boyer J	Ann Hyg Publique Ind Soc (1923) 1948 26(5): 167-74
1952	[Present status of smallpox in France] French	Le Bourdelles B	Bull Acad Natl Med 1952 136(24-26): 449-52
1952	[Systematic smallpox vaccination in a sanatorium; consequences particularly on the pleuropulmonary state] French	Logiviere-Warnery-Baudoin DE, Brin	Concours Med 1952 74(52): 4449-50
1952	[On the recent cases of smallpox in Marseilles] French	Violle H	Presse Med 1952 60(34): 744-5
1953	[Epidemiological data on smallpox in France, 1945-1952] French	Boide D, Goulley R, Bernard L, Viguie	Rev Hyg Med Soc 1953 1(1): 20-30
1953	[The epidemic of smallpox in Marseilles, January-April, 1952; clinical, etiological and therapeutic considerations] French	Periot, Orsini, Espinas, Louchet	Arch Fr Pediatr 1953 10(3): 315-8
1955	[The smallpox epidemic in Brittany] Norwegian	Aarsvold CM	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1955 75(5): 161-2
1955	[On the recent epidemic of smallpox; mathematical theory of epidemics and rumors] French	Duhamel J	Presse Med 1955 63(34): 717-8
1955	The Vannes smallpox epidemic; its epidemiology	Edelman WG	Med Bull US Army Eur 1955 12(8): 198-200
1955	[Report on the smallpox epidemic in France] German	Herrlich A	Munch Med Wochenschr 1955 97(10): 303-4
1955	[The 1955 smallpox epidemic] French	Le Bourdelles B	Bull Acad Natl Med 1955 139(25-26): 417-20
1955	Technical note on the epidemic of smallpox in Morbihan	Le Bourdelles B	Rev Pathol Gen Physiol Clin 1955 55(668): 827-9
1955	[Smallpox in France in 1955; epidemiology and prevention] French	Le Bourdelles B, Berger M, Rodallec M, Viguie M, Bellec R	Presse Med 1955 63(62): 1247-8
*1955	[Smallpox epidemic in Vannes from December 1954 to March 1955] French	Leroux, Amphoux, Billaud, Bouillaud, Cadoret G, Delord, Duhamel Y, Lobrichon, Baldrich, Audouy	Presse Med 1955 63(31): 639-42
1956	[Lessons of the smallpox epidemic of 1955] French	Le Bourdelles B	Rev Prat 1956 6(12): 1299-308
1956	[Two cases of smallpox in Saint-Die; epidemiological and prophylactic considerations] French	Melnotte P, Polge F, Gillot J	Rev Hyg Med Soc 1956 4(1): 41-3
1958	[Report of a recent verdict concerning smallpox vaccination relative to vaccinal obligation] French	Benard	Bull Acad Natl Med 1958 142(23-24): 623-4
1966	[In the name of the Commission of Vaccinations. On the subject of a proposed circular concerning the bringing up to date of technical instructions to be recommended to physicians in charge of anti-smallpox vaccination and revaccination] French	Benard H	Bull Acad Natl Med 1966 150(34): 706-10
1966	[Vaccination statistics for the year 1964 (smallpox vaccination)] French	Chassagne P, Devaux JP	Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med 1966 21(4): 659-62
1967	[Vaccination statistics for 1965 (smallpox vaccination)] French	Martin-Bouyer G, Devaux JP	Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med 1967 22(5): 1017-20
1970	[Smallpox vaccination in France 1967] French	Martin-Bouyer G, Devaux JP, Veiga-Pires H	Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med 1970 25(4): 817-30
1972	[Change in the legal age for initial smallpox vaccination] French	Boyer J	Bull Acad Natl Med 1972 156(20): 632-6
1977	[Persistent danger of smallpox and necessity of continuing mandatory smallpox vaccination in France] French	Merklen FP	Sem Hop 1977 53(31-32): 1655-61
1980	[Deaths due to smallpox vaccination in France 1968-1977 (author's transl)] French	Martin-Bouyer C, Foulon G, de Solan M, Torgal J, N'Guyen K, Martin-Bouyer G	Arch Fr Pediatr 1980 37(3): 199-206

Germany

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Germany eliminated endemic smallpox in 1922, but importations with limited spread occurred annually through 1930 and again from 1945-49. Periodic importations continued to occur through 1969.

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Early Smallpox Control

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1965	[On an old habit of "variola or smallpox buying". A study in medical history] German	Laubstein H	Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1965 20:312-4
1951	[First vaccination against smallpox in Mecklenburg] German	Bruning H	Arch Kinderheilkd 1951 143(1): 36-4
1973	[Origins of smallpox vaccination (variolation) in Halle and surroundings] German	Kaiser W, Werner K	Z Gesamte Hyg 1973 19(11):806-12
1965	[Smallpox vaccination in the area of the grand duchy Saxe-Altenburg] German	Moller R	Dtsch Med J 1965 16(19):619-23
1955	[Smallpox mortality and vaccination in Oberlausitz in the beginning of the 19th century] German	Tutzke D	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1955 139(1):75-84
1956	[Importance of the Gorlitz physician Dr. C.A. Struve in the wide-spread cow pox vaccination in Upper Lusatia in 1800-1807] German	Tutzke D	Beitr Gesch Pharm Ihrer Nachbargeb 1956 7(2):76-91
2002	The geographical transmission of smallpox in the Franco-Prussian War: prisoner of war camps and their impact upon epidemic diffusion processes in the civil settlement system of Prussia, 1870-71	Smallman-Raynor M, Cliff AD	Med Hist 2002 46(2):241-64	PMC: PMC1044497
1987	[Smallpox vaccination in Prussia up to the state vaccination law of 1874, with special reference to the Frankfurt (Oder) government district] German	Stein J	Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1987 81(20):1081-3
1968	[From the Smallpox House to University Clinic. Contribution to the history of the Surgical Clinic on Nussbaum Street] German	Feifel G, Sebening F, Mazur F, Reimold G, Schlotterer H, Thiele E	Munch Med Wochenschr 1968 110(8):499-506
1998	Vaccination policy against smallpox, 1835-1914: a comparison of England with Prussia and Imperial Germany	Hennock EP	Soc Hist Med 1998 11(1):49-71	DOI: 10.1093/shm/11.1.49

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Compulsory Vaccination

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1890	Disappearance of small-pox in Germany		Science 1890 16(394):107	DOI: 10.1126/science.ns-16.394.107
1898	Vaccination and small-pox in Germany		Br Med J 1898 1(1933):157-8	PMC: PMC2410400
1898	Small-pox and vaccination in Germany		Br Med J 1898 1(1942):770	PMC: PMC2410992
1898	Small-pox and vaccination in Germany		Br Med J 1898 2(1957):25-8	PMC: PMC2433870
1899	Small-pox mortality in Germany in 1897, and vaccination in 1896		Br Med J 1899 2(2011):158	PMC: PMC2411668
1900	Vaccination and small-pox in Germany		Br Med J 1900 2(2080):1383-5	PMC: PMC2463582
1903	Small-pox isolation in Germany		Br Med J 1903 2(2234):1091-2	PMC: PMC2514486
1904	Small-pox in Germany		Hospital (Lond 1886) 1904 36(918):67-8	PMC: PMC5205762
1905	Small-pox in the German army: new and interesting testimony		Br Med J 1905 2(2343):1410-1	PMC: PMC2322409
1907	The mortality of the frontier provinces of Germany from small-pox and other causes		Br Med J 1907 2(2431):270-3	PMC: PMC2357961
1914	Smallpox in Germany	Jones ER	Public Health Rep 1914 29:164-8

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Smallpox Control Through 1958

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1948	[Sporadic cases of variola vera and variolois in February-March 1947] German	Zur G	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1948 73(17-20):195-8	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1118098
1951	[Observations and experiences in connection with smallpox vaccination in the postwar period] German	Sauer W, Trub CL	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1951 134(2):149-50
1952	[Postwar observations and experiences with smallpox vaccinations] German	Sauer W, Trub CL	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1952 136(8):594-600
1958	[Variola; clinical picture, epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of a case of varioloid introduced from the air passages] German	Andres KH, Lieske H, Lippelt H, Mannweiler E, Nielsen G, Peters D, Seelemann K	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1958 83(1):12-7	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1114152
1967	[Smallpox in Germany after the war. A study on the value of smallpox vaccination] German	Buchwald G	Med Welt 1967 15: 948-56
1967	[Smallpox outbreaks in post-war Germany. A result of an inoculation technic and deficient vaccination schedule] German	von Mutzenbecher H	Med Welt 1967 28: 1665-8
1957	[Studies and experience in administration of smallpox vaccination in the North Rhine-Westphalia region. IV] German	Sauer W, Trub CL	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1957 141(3):198-209
1958	[Incidence of vaccination scarring in West Berlin] German	Anders W	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1958 171(1-2): 19-24
1958	[150 Years of legal smallpox vaccination in Hessen and Bayern] German	Puschel E	Offentl Gesundheitsdienst 1958 19(10): 431-7

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Smallpox Outbreaks: 1959-66

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1959	[Methods & results of the virological & serological studies on the smallpox epidemic in Heidelberg (December 1958 to January 1959)] German	Bingel KF, Kruse F	Medizinische 1959 4(20):961-9
1960	[On the necessity for legal measures against smallpox outbreaks] German	Dumjahn G	Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1960 15: 32-4
1961	[Smallpox in Ansbach 1961] German	Herrlich A, Diesfeld HJ, Schmidt H	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1961 86:1413-20	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1112951
*1962	[The 1961/62 smallpox outbreak in Nordrhein-Westfahlen] German	Anders W, Posch J	Bundesgesundheitsblatt 1962 17:265-9
1962	[Smallpox in Duesseldorf and England] Dutch	Dijkhuis HJ	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1962 106: 136
1962	[Lessons from smallpox in North Rhine-Westphalia] German	Studt H	Offentl Gesundheitsdienst 1962 24:351-70
1962	[The early exanthematic signs of variola major (Experiences in West German smallpox attacks in 1962)] German	Stuettgen G	Med Welt 1962 14:732-8
1963	[Observations on the smallpox vaccination of children belatedly vaccinated for the 1st time because of the smallpox epidemic in Nordrhein-Westfalen in January 1962] German	Herrlich C, Sauer W	Offentl Gesundheitsdienst 1963 25: 305-12
1963	[Vaccination lesions in North Rhine-Westphalia area in the years 1959-60] German	Sauer W	Offentl Gesundheitsdienst 1963 25: 113-9
1964	[The smallpox cases in Dusseldorf, 1961-62: clinical report] German	Baier D	Munch Med Wochenschr 1964 106:1917-26
1964	[Protective clothing for the transport of smallpox patients] German	Sittmann J	Offentl Gesundheitsdienst 1964 26:70-3
1965	[Recent factors contributing to the total number of smallpox vaccinations among the population German	Hartung K	Monatsschr Kinderheilkd (1902) 1965 113: 191-3
1965	[Do we need a smallpox control plan?] German	Kulmbach W	Dtsch Zentralbl Krankenpfl 1965 9(12): 534-9
1965	[Smallpox invasion into our world] German	Mohr W	Landarzt 1965 31 41: 359-63
1965	[Formalin-inactivated smallpox vaccines of the Berlin Vaccination Institute in practical testing] German	Rohde W	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1965 149(5): 547-56
1966	[Smallpox in Kulmbach (1965)]	Freidank P, Heeger W, Spies A, Stickl H	Munch Med Wochenschr 1966 108(16):869-74
1969	[Smallpox vaccination 1961-1965 and postvaccinal complications 1946-1966 in the land of North-Rhine-Westphalia]. German	Trüb CL, Ehlers F	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1969 153(4):354-65

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Smallpox Outbreaks during the Eradication Programme

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Germany. Regensburg; origin India; returning tourist	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Mar 17 42(11):141	WHO: 10665/215934
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Germany. Hannover; origin India, returning researcher	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Mar 31 42(13):162	WHO: 10665/215956
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Europe. Germany. Hannover; no secondary cases	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Apr 7 42(14):175	WHO: 10665/215967
1967	West Africa smallpox eradication/measles control program. Surveillance Report #7: 24 Apr 1967 Europe: Smallpox importation		CDC, Smallpox eradication pgm	GHC: 3046
1968	[Smallpox in Regensburg. A clinical and epidemiological analysis of 2 patients] German	Epp C, Schopp W	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1968 93(9):384-7	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1105073
1970	WER. Smallpox. Germany. Meschede; importation from Pakistan, air.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 Jan 23 45(4):41	WHO: 10665/217570
1970	WER. Smallpox. Germany. Meschede; Outbreak; 2 confirmed cases (1 death), 1 suspected case	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 Jan 30 45(5):47	WHO: 10665/217592
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #37, 6 Feb 1970 Outbreak: Meschede, Germany: 15 secondary cases, 2 deaths	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(6):65-71	WHO: 10665/217606
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #38, 27 Feb 1970 Smallpox vaccine and vaccination techniques. Outbreak update: Meschede, Germany	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(9):93-8	WHO: 10665/217639
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #40, 17 Apr 1970 Importations: Germany, Saudi Arabia, Uganda, Zambia. Indonesia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(16):177-85	WHO: 10665/217702
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #42, 4 Jun 1970 Outbreak update: Meschede, Germany	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(23):249-56	WHO: 10665/217758
1970	[Smallpox outbreak in Meschede. Preliminary report]. German	Richter KH, Ippen H	Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1970 154(1):88-9
*1970	An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe	Wehrle PF, Posch J, Richter KH, Henderson DA	Bull World Health Organ 1970 43(5):669-79	PMC: PMC2427800
1970	Airborne transmission of smallpox		Br Med J 1970 4(5728):127	PMC: PMC1819915
1971	The recent outbreak of smallpox in Meschede, West Germany	Gelfand HM, Posch J	Am J Epidemiol 1971 93(4):234-237	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121251
1971	[What to do in cases of suspected smallpox? Experience with imported and suspected cases] German	Ippen H, Richter KH	Internist (Berl) 1971 12(8):305-8
1971	[Smallpox cases reported in the German Federal Republic from 1957 to 1971] French	Mohr W	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 64(5): 756-61
1971	The epidemiological observations made in the two smallpox outbreaks in the land of North Rhine-Westphalia, 1962 at Simmerath (Eifel region) and 1970 at Meschede	Richter MK	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 64(5):775-7
1973	[Experience in the establishment of the smallpox isolation station Gültstein (author's transl)] German	Bauer W	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1973 35(8): 474-8
1973	[Smallpox in Yugoslavia and Hanover in 1972 (author's transl)] German	Buchwald G	Med Klin 1973 68(39): 1271-4
1973	[Report on the 2nd smallpox alarm in Hannover] German	Hartung J	Hautarzt 1973 24(10): 454-5
1973	[Two cases of smallpox in Hanover (1967 and 1972): clinical features, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis] German	Höpken W, Willers H, Knocke KW, Olberding P, Liess B, Petzold K, Laufs R, Raub HW	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1973 98(12):587-93	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1106864
1973	[Report on the 2nd smallpox alarm in Hannover] German	Hartung J	Hautarzt 1973 24(10): 454-5

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Vaccination Policy

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1963	[Kidney diseases after the 1st vaccination against smallpox. An interesting problem from an expert testimony viewpoint] German	Schaefer KH	Monatsschr Kinderheilkd (1902) 1963 111: 361-8
1963	[Liability of a smallpox-infected physician infecting other persons at a university clinic] German	Schmelcher R	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1963 88: 1445
1965	[On compensation of vaccination complications following smallpox vaccinations] German	Keune HG	Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1965 59(22): 1206-9
1965	[On the disease picture of post-vaccinal brain disease following smallpox vaccination (with special regard to damage compensation regulations valid in the German Democratic Republic] German	Schedifka R	Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1965 59(5): 237-42
1967	[Convulsive disease recognized by a court decision as a vaccination injury following smallpox vaccination] German	Buchwald G	Med Welt 1967 24: 1488-91
1969	[On the problem of compulsory smallpox vaccination] German	Buchwald G	Med Welt 1969 2: 98-102
1969	[On the problem of mandatory smallpox vaccination] German	Rausch J, Buchwald G	Med Welt 1969 34: 1832-4
1970	[Value and non-value of smallpox vaccination] German	Buchwald IG	Med Welt 1970 11: 439-42
1970	[What is the contribution of expert testimony of the Federal Health Office in conducting smallpox vaccination?] German	Stickl H	Med Klin 1970 65(51): 2227-9
1971	[Thoughts on the evaluation of smallpox vaccination by the Federal Health Service] German	Ehrengut W	Fortschr Med 1971 23 89(27): 1019-20
1972	[Problems of compulsory smallpox vaccination] German	Buchwald G	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1972 34(9): 547-56
1972	[Against compulsory smallpox vaccination] German	Buchwald G, Steben B	Med Welt 1972 23(20): 758-60
1972	[Conditions for abolishing compulsory vaccination against smallpox] German	Habs H	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1972 34(7): 370-6
1972	[Smallpox vaccination. Consequences of recommendations of the Federal Institute of Public Health in various states] German	Seeber E	Ther Ggw 1972 111(3): 382-8
1972	[Comments on the article by G Buchwald "Problems of compulsory smallpox vaccination"] German	Studt H	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1972 34(9): 556-8
1973	[Contra compulsory smallpox vaccination] German	Herrmann J, Buchwald G	Med Welt 1973 24(10): 387-9
1973	[Value of smallpox vaccination. Correction of G Buchwald's comments] German	Richter KH	Munch Med Wochenschr 1973 115(32): 1401-2
1974	[Useful pathogens. 100 years of mandatory smallpox vaccination in Germany] German	Stengel H	Z Allgemeinmed 1974 50(31): 1396-8
1975	[Compulsory vaccination against smallpox in the German Federal Republic] German	Spiess H, Pilars de Pilar CE	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1975 37(9): 577-9
1975	[Thoughts on the outline of a law on smallpox-vaccination and for a better numerus clausus for medical students] German	Stein HA	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1975 37(7): 405
1975	[The situation of the compulsory vaccination against smallpox in the FR Germany (author's transl)] German	Stickl H	Offentl Gesundheitswes 1975 37(9): 582-4
1975	[Canceling of compulsory smallpox vaccination?] German	Zimmermann W	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1975 100(24): 1358
*1975	[New regulations for compulsory smallpox vaccination. Decision of the plenary session of the Federal Health Council on November 25 and 26, 1974] German		Dtsch Krankenpflegez 1975 28(4): 173-4
1976	[The significance of the smallpox vaccination legislation for the nursing profession] German	Heyn M	Krankenpflege (Frankf) 1976 30(9): 269
1977	[Smallpox vaccination of subjects over the age for primary vaccination] German	Schimanski J	Med Welt 1977 28(37): 1494
1977	[Utilization of the MVA-immunization schedule from the view point of the public health service] German	Weber HG	Fortschr Med 1977 95(21):1381-6

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Greece

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
*1969	The Athenian plague. Smallpox	Littman RJ	Trans Proc Am Philol Assoc 1969: 261-75
2021	Controversies and lessons from the history of smallpox: the case of massive vaccination in British Corfu (1852)	Tsiamis C, Vrioni G, Dimopoulou C, Poulakou-Rebelakou E, Anoyatis-Pele D, Tsakris A	Infez Med 2021 29(2): 284-91
1981	[Recent data on the inoculation against smallpox in the Ionian Islands] Greek	Marketos LJ	Mater Med Greca 1981 9: 104-9

Hungary

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Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1971	[Ferenc Bene and the 1st smallpox vaccination in Budapest] Hungarian	Friedrich I	Orv Hetil 1971 112(14): 811-2
1988	[Data on the history of smallpox vaccination in Hungary] Hungarian	Metzl J	Orv Hetil 1988 129(6): 299
1963	[On the variola problem] Hungarian	Csapo J	Orv Hetil 1963 104: 1609-10
1970	[The 200th anniversary of the death of János Raymann, pioneer of smallpox vaccination] Hungarian	Duka Zolyomi N	Orv Hetil 1970 111(50): 2969-70
1975	[The practice of smallpox vaccination in Hungary] Hungarian	Nyerges G, Erdos L	Orv Hetil 1975 116(25): 1443-8

Iceland

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1871	Small-pox imported into Iceland by French fishing vessels, stamped out by quarantine and sulphurous fumigations	Hjaltelin J	Br Med J 1871 2(566):519-20	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.566.519 PMC: PMC2261868
*1977	Smallpox in Iceland	Steffensen J	Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1977:41-56

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Israel

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Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1950	An outbreak of smallpox in Jerusalem	Ehrenfeld EN	Harefuah 1950 38(1): 1-3
1958	The present status of antismallpox vaccination	Lyon E	Isr Med J 1958 17(11-12): 257-64
2001	The elimination of smallpox from Israel	Slater PE, Leventhal A, Anis E	Isr Med Assoc J 2001 3(1): 71-2

Italy

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Italy eliminated endemic smallpox in 1928, but importations with limited spread occurred almost annually through 1942. Endemic transmission was reestablished in 1944 but interrupted again by 1949. Sporadic importations occurred through 1950; the last one was reported in 1957.

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16th-18th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
*1986	[Letter] Intact smallpox virus particles in an Italian mummy of sixteenth century	Fornaciari G, Marchetti A	Lancet 1986 2(8507):625	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92443-8
1986	[Letter] Smallpox in an Italian mummy	Field AM	Lancet 1986 2(8510):816	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90342-9
1986	[Letter] Italian smallpox of the sixteenth century	Fornaciari G, Marchetti A	Lancet 1986 2(8521-22):1469-70	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92793-5
1990	Smallpox diagnosed 400 years later: results of skin lesions examination of 16th century Italian mummy	Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM, Zhukova OA, Yanova NN, Loparev VN	J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1990 34(2): 227-31
2015	Smallpox in the Medici family, Florence, 1519-1737: a historical cohort study	Lippi D, D'Elios JP, Caini S	Clin Microbiol Infect 2015 21(8): e57-8	DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.021
1985	[Pictorial report of smallpox of the Medici Grand Duke Ferdinand II in the year 1626] German	Scholz A	Dermatol Monatsschr 1985 171(10): 654-9
1950	[Smallpox and vaccination in Udine and Friuli in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries (Parts 1 & 2)] Italian	Premuda L	Clin Nuova Rass Prog Med Int 1950 10(18):790-2 and 1950 10(19):827-32
1970	[Specific preventive measures against smallpox in Siena before Jenner vaccination] Italian	Barsini G, Bosco G	G Batteriol Virol Immunol Ann Osp Maria Vittor Torino 1970 63(11):842-51
1964	[The contribution of the Sacro Collegio dei Filosofi e Medici of Padua to variolation in the domain of Venice] Italian	Ongaro G	Atti Mem Accad Stor Arte Sanit 1964 63:115-21
1992	Smallpox in an 18th-century Italian princess	Jarcho S	N Y State J Med 1992 92(11): 480-4
1966	[Giovanni Bianchi (Jano Blanco) and the polemics on smallpox inoculation] Italian	Manzi L	Atti Mem Accad Stor Arte Sanit 1966 32(3):62-9
2004	[First attempts at smallpox engrafting (variolation) in the 18th-century in Bologna] Italian	Sabbatani S	Infez Med 2004 12(1):76-82

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19th Century - Vaccination

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
2020	From inoculation to vaccination: the fight against smallpox in Siena in the 18th and 19th centuries	Orsini D, Martini M	Infez Med 2020 28(4): 634-41
1997	[Luigi Sacco and the history of smallpox in Italy] Italian	Scarani P, Nebuloni M	Pathologica 1997 89(2): 211-4
1966	[Variolization and vaccination against smallpox in the works of Italian poets and writers] Italian	Ponte PL	Minerva Med 1966 57(91):varia 1469+
1957	[First Italian works on Jennerian vaccination] Italian	Rocchietta S	Minerva Med 1957 48(30): Varia639-40
1976	[Jennerian vaccination in Siena at the beginning of the 19th century] Italian	Barsini G, Bosco G	G Batteriol Virol Immunol 1976 69(7-12): 296-311
2001	[Smallpox vaccination in Siena during the Napoleonic era] Italian	Vigni L	Infez Med 2001 9(2): 115-8
2022	Smallpox vaccination and vaccine hesitancy in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1801) and the great modernity of Ferdinand IV of Bourbon: a glimpse of the past in the era of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic	Martini M, Bifulco M, Orsini D	Public Health 2022 213: 47-53	DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.09.012 PMC: PMC9519518
1970	[Smallpox epidemic in Turin in 1829] Italian	Griva L	Minerva Med 1970 61(56): 3127-37
1968	[Smallpox vaccination in Bologna from 1815 to 1860] Italian	Manzi L, Ascanelli P	Bull Sci Med (Bologna) 1968 140(3): 233-72
2007	[Smallpox in Ferrara in the nineteenth century] Italian	Guidi E, Angelini L, Cervato K, Pizzo F, Rizzetto R, Fortini M, Contini C	Infez Med 2007 15(1): 66-80
2013	[Treatment and remedies against smallpox outbreaks in Ferrara in the late nineteenth century] Italian	Vicentini CB, Manfredini S, Altieri L, Lupi S, Guidi E, Contini C	Infez Med 2013 21(3): 235-48
1894	Small-pox and vaccination in Italy		Br Med J 1894 2(1763): 834-5	PMC: PMC2405368
1899	On vaccination and small-pox in the Italian army	Livi R	Br Med J 1899 1(2000):1017-21	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2000.1017 PMC: PMC2463039

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20th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1947	[Practical considerations on smallpox infection; memories of a smallpox epidemic in winter 1911-1912] Italian	Marocco G	Minerva Med 1947 38(18):445-7
1949	[On the sidelines of the news of smallpox cases that occurred in Rome] Italian	Bizzarrini G	Minerva Med 1949 40(25):Varia, 501-3
1951	[Relation of smallpox vaccination and poliomyelitis in the spring of 1951, observed at the Centro Antipoliomielitico in Bologna] Italian	Salvioli G	Clin Pediatr (Bologna) 1951 33(10): 661
1954	[Epidemiological study of smallpox, diphtheria tetanus and whooping cough in Italy] Italian	Canaperia GA, Garaci C	Ann Sanita Pubblica 1954 15(6): 1169-205
1955	[Statistical data and clinical notes on the epidemic of smallpox occurring in Naples from February 1944 to April 1946] Italian	de Lorenzo F	Acta Med Ital Mal Infett Parassit 1955 10(7): 175-80
1958	[An epidemic outbreak of smallpox in Naples] Italian	Purpura G	Ann Sanita Pubblica 1958 19(3):545-68
1968	[Complications of antismallpox vaccination: 1947-1967] Italian	Ulivelli A, Cocchi P, Silenzi M, Cremoncini R	Riv Clin Pediatr 1968 81(6): 1163-7
1966	[Medicolegal aspects of anti-smallpox vaccination] Italian	Jannone I	Minerva Med 1966 57(94):varia: 1526+
1968	[Complications of antismallpox vaccination: 1947-1967] Italian	Ulivelli A, Cocchi P, Silenzi M, Cremoncini R	Riv Clin Pediatr 1968 81(6): 1163-7
1969	[Compulsory smallpox vaccination in Sardinia] Italian	Turco GC	G Batteriol Virol Immunol Ann Osp Maria Vittor Torino 1969 62(5): 461-71
1970	[Smallpox vaccination with a lyophilized vaccine, carried out in children population in the commune of Ortona in the 3-year period, 1967-1970] Italian	Pettorossi A, Garzarelli MT	G Mal Infett Parassit 1970 22(9): 649-53
1979	[Smallpox vaccination (author's transl)] Italian	Frongillo RF	Ann Sclavo 1979 21(6): 856-62
1980	WER. Smallpox surveillance. Italy. Investigation of patient with rash and travel in SE Asia; suspected chickenpox	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1980 Apr 25 55(17):127	WHO: 10665/223027
1980	WER. Smallpox surveillance. Italy. Chickenpox confirmed	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1980 May 2 55(18):135	WHO: 10665/223041
*1980	Another smallpox scare	Wade N	Science 1980 208(4444):579	DOI: 10.1126/science.208.4444.579

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Netherlands

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Historical Smallpox & Its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1870	Small-pox and vaccination in Holland		Ind Med Gaz 1870 5(2): 44-5	PMC: PMC5165569
1951	[Contribution on the history of smallpox vaccination in the Netherlands] Dutch	Postma C	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1951 95(18): 1377-80
1981	Matthieu Maty and the adoption of inoculation for smallpox in Holland	Janssens U	Bull Hist Med 1981 55(2): 246-56
2010	[Recovery from blindness following smallpox or measles: Dutch miracle stories, 14th-18th century] Dutch	van den Broek H	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2010 154: A1853
1954	[The Amsterdam Society for cow pox immunization for people with insufficient means, November 1 1803-November 1 1953] Dutch	Veldhuyzen WF	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1954 98(36): 2514-20

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Smallpox in the 20th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1946	[Post-vaccinal encephalitis in the Netherlands] French	van den Berg CA	Bull Off Int Hyg Publique 1946 38: 847-848
*1948	Post-vaccinal encephalitis in two border provinces of the Netherlands: note presented to the Interim Commission at its Fourth Session	van den Berg C	Bull WHO 1948 1(1): 56-7	PMC: PMC2556138
1948	[Smallpox in Koendoer] Dutch	van Waardenburg DA	Med Maandbl 1948 43(25): 496-504
1950	[Course and treatment of smallpox in Tjilendek in 1949] Dutch	Vellenga SR	Med Maandbl 1950 3(5): 190-4
1952	[A smallpox epidemic and its control] Dutch	Ausems EM	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1952 96(33): 2037-9
1952	[Clinical findings during the smallpox epidemic in Tilburg] Dutch	Stolte JB	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1952 96(33): 2036-7
1955	[Clinical experience with alastrim at the Hague] Dutch	Blomhert G	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1955 99(9): 681-6
*1956	The alastrim epidemic in the Hague, 1953-1954	de Jong M	Doc Med Geogr Trop 1956 8(3): 207-35
1962	[The development of smallpox vaccination in the Netherlands 1953-1962] French Intl Symp on Smallpox Vaccination, Lyon, Dec 1962	Beunders BJW	Asso Intl Soc Microbio, Basel, S. Karger, 1962, pp 35-39	DOI: 10.1159/000389817
1973	[Abolition of the mandatory smallpox vaccination in newborn infants] Dutch	Dekking F	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1973 117(50): 1903-5
*1973	Complications of smallpox vaccination in the Netherlands, 1959-1970 Intl Symp on Smallpox Vaccine, Bilthoven, Netherlands, Oct 1972	Polak MF	Symp Series Immunobiol Stand 19: 235-42 (Regamey RH, Cohen H, eds. Basel, S Karger)
1985	WER. Smallpox: Post-eradication surveillance. Netherlands — Chickenpox mistaken for smallpox	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1985 May 24 60(21):162-3	WHO: 10665/225382

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Norway

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Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1985	[Introduction of smallpox vaccination in Christiania] Norwegian	Juhasz L	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1985 105(1):5-7
2000	[Smallpox in Telemark in the last part of the 19th century] Norwegian	Storesund A	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2000 120(30):3694-8
1956	[Smallpox vaccination of school children in Oslo] Norwegian	Bjerkedal T	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1956 76(19):686-9
1973	[Actions taken during a smallpox epidemic cost 10 million Norwegian crowns] Norwegian		Nord Med 1973 88(7):216
1976	[Coordinated vaccination policy in Scandinavia. Common storage of vaccine for smallpox?] Swedish		Nord Med 1976 91(6-7-1): 200
1993	[The last victims of smallpox in Ytre Nordhordland. Experiences of a local physician] Norwegian	Sandvik H	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1993 113(17):2096-8
2001	[Smallpox and smallpox virus--200 years since the first vaccination in Norway] Norwegian	Tryland M	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2001 121(30): 3546-50

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Poland

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Historical Smallpox & Its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1972	[Beginnings of smallpox vaccination in Poland] Polish	Konopka S	Arch Hist Med (Warsz) 1972 35(3): 303-8
1975	[A forgotten controversy concerning variola vaccination in Warsaw] Polish	Lyskanowski M	Arch Hist Med (Warsz) 1975 38(2): 179-86
1985	[Tymoteusz Stepniewski (1834-1901), an outstanding Warsaw physician. Contribution to the history of smallpox prevention in Warsaw in the 19th century] Polish	Srodka A	Arch Hist Med (Warsz) 1985 48(1): 87-100

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Smallpox in the 20th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1954	[Vaccination against smallpox in youth labor camps] Polish	Dobrowolski D	Przegl Epidemiol 1954 8(1): 29-30
1954	[Smallpox in Gdansk and Gdynia during 1953; epidemiologic considerations] Polish	Rychard J	Przegl Epidemiol 1954 8(1): 11-20
1961	[Complications after smallpox vaccination in Poland during 1958 and 1959] Polish	Fruhaufowa J	Pediatr Pol 1961 36: 1047-54
1965	[Smallpox epidemic in Gdansk in 1962] Polish	Bincer J, Wysoczyńska H, Trzaska B	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(4): 421-31
1964	[Smallpox epidemics in Poland during the period of 1953-1963] Polish	Kostrzewski J, Magdzik W	Przegl Epidemiol 1964 18: 141-52
1964	[Smallpox epidemic in Wroclaw in 1963] Polish	Arendzikowski B, Kocielska W, Przestalska H	Przegl Epidemiol 1964 18: 153-63
1964	[Clinical course of smallpox during its epidemic in Wroclaw in 1963] Polish	Surowcowa Swidzinska A, Tarkowska Gawron B, Hawling T, Oleksin D	Przegl Epidemiol 1964 18: 165-72
1964	[Organization of smallpox control during the Wroclaw epidemic] Polish	Ochlewski A	Przegl Epidemiol 1964 18: 181-8
1964	[Smallpox in the Wroclaw Province in 1963] Polish	Penar S, Przylecki S, Zolnierkowa D	Przegl Epidemiol 1964 18: 189-96
1964	[Smallpox in the Opole Province in 1963] Polish	Majewski J, Zasadzien Z, Pysz J	Przegl Epidemiol 1964 18: 197-204
1964	[Smallpox in the L'od'z Province in 1963 and its control] Polish	Kacprzak M	Przegl Epidemiol 1964 18: 205-8
1964	[Complications after smallpox vaccination in Warsaw in 1963] Polish	Migdalska-Kassurowa B, Obodowska-Zysk W	Przegl Epidemiol 1964 18: 277-88
1964	[Organization of the treatment of complications of smallpox vaccination in children during the epidemic in Wroclaw in 1963] Polish	Hajzik R, Simlat S	Przegl Epidemiol 1964 18: 419-21
1964	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox at the Institute of Marine Medicine in Gda'nsk during the 1963 epidemic] Polish	Blawat F, Kwiatkowski B	Biul Inst Med Morsk Gdansk 1964 15: 23-8
1965	[The peripheral blood picture in complications after smallpox vaccinations in 1963] Polish	Migdalska-Kassurowa B	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19: 75-81
1965	[Difficulties in the morphologic diagnosis of smallpox during the Wroclaw epidemic in 1963] Polish	Cywicki J, Reck J	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(2): 168-70
1965	[Mass smallpox vaccinations in Poland in 1963 and the epidemic situation of viral hepatitis] Polish	Kulesza A, Kacprzak M, Milewska L	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(3): 321-30
1965	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox during the 1963 epidemic in Poland] Polish	Meszaros J, Fidziańska E, Kreska B	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(3): 335-46
1965	[Impressions from the smallpox epidemic 1963 in the People's Republic of Poland] German	Hornik J	Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1965 59(8): 471-4
1965	[Eye complications after smallpox vaccination during the smallpox epidemic in Wroclaw in 1963] Polish	Krudysz J	Klin Oczna 1965 35: 23-7
1965	[Diagnostic difficulties in cases of smallpox during the Wroclaw epidemic in 1963] Polish	Reck J, Stachurska I	Wiad Lek 1965 18: 557-63
1965	[Cases of hemorrhagic diathesis in smallpox patients during the 1963 Wroclaw epidemic] Polish	Surowcowa-Swidzińska A, Hawling T, Oleksin D	Pol Tyg Lek 1965 20(34): 1277-9
1966	[Laboratory characteristics of variola strains isolated during the smallpox epidemic in Poland in 1963] Polish	Meszaros J	Przegl Epidemiol 1966 20(4): 417-22
1968	[Analysis of complications in vaccinated children during the epidemic of smallpox in 1963 in the province of Wroclaw] Polish	Maszkiewicz W, Penar S	Pol Tyg Lek 1968 23(32): 1195-8
1968	[Neurological complications in children of the Wroclaw district following smallpox vaccination during the 1963 epidemic] Polish	Maszkiewicz W, Penar S	Przegl Lek 1968 24(5): 476-8
1968	[Neurologic complications after smallpox vaccination during the mass vaccination campaign in Poland in 1963] Polish	Obodowska-Zysk W	Przegl Epidemiol 1968 22(4): 467-75
2019	One of the recent attacks of smallpox in Europe: A massive vaccination campaign during the epidemic in Wroclaw in 1963	Zuk P, Zuk P	Vaccine 2019 37(41): 6125-31	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.038
1966	[A case of smallpox on a Polish ship in 1965] Polish	Tomaszunas S	Przegl Epidemiol 1966 20(2): 199-201
1974	[Smallpox vaccinations in a specialistic consultative station and smallpox vaccinations of children in the years 1965-1972] Polish	Jaroszynska-Weinberger B, Adamska H, Etel J	Przegl Epidemiol 1974 28(4): 519-26
1975	The level of some smallpox antibodies in selected population groups of several regions of Poland: In the years 1970-1973	Potajallo U	Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia 1975 26(3-4): 395-405

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Portugal

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Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
2014	[Epidemics in the news in Portugal: cholera, plague, typhus, influenza and smallpox, 1854-1918] Portuguese	de Almeida MA	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2014 21(2): 687-708	DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702014000200012

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Romania

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Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1954	[Popular methods of immunization against smallpox known in the rural areas of Rumania for a long time] Romanian	Bologa V	Rev Stiint Med 1954 6(2): 112-5
1977	[Variola. An old Rumanian method of preventing the disease - variolization. Current success of medical science in vaccination] Romanian	Negru I	Viata Med Rev Inf Prof Stiint Cadrelor Medii Sanit 1977 Dec 25(12): 275-8
1979	[History of smallpox vaccination in Romania and source of the IC strains of vaccinia virus] Romanian	Mihancea N	Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol 1979 24(4): 247-52

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Spain

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Spain sustained high levels of endemic variola major through the 1st half of the 20th century. Subsequently only variola minor occurrd until Spain became smallpox-free in the 1950s.

Historical Smallpox & Its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1976	[History of smallpox in Spain] Spanish	Angolotti Cardenas E	Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1976 50(5-6): 485-98
1979	Smallpox and literature in eighteenth-century Spain	Dowling J	Stud Eighteenth Cent Cult 1979 9: 59-77
2019	The beginnings of smallpox vaccination in Spain seen through the correspondence of Ignacio Maria Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1801-1802)	Duro Torrijos JL, Tuells J	Vaccine 2019 37(32): 4651-7	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.088

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The Balmis Expedition: 1803-06

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
*1974	The "Real Expedicion Maritima de la Vacuna" in New Spain and Guatemala	Smith MM	Trans Am Philos Soc 1974 64(1):1-74	DOI: 10.2307/1006158
1974	[Smallpox immunization expedition around the world, 170 years ago (Francisco Xavier de Balmis)] Hungarian		Orv Hetil 1974 115(4): 213-6
2004	[The real philanthropic expedition of the smallpox vaccine: monarchy and modernity in 1803] Spanish	Rigau-Perez JG	P R Health Sci J 2004 23(3): 223-31
2004	[Review] Smallpox vaccination in the early 19th century using live carriers: the travels of Francisco Xavier de Balmis	Aldrete JA	South Med J 2004 97(4): 375-8	DOI: 10.1097/01.SMJ.0000072358.48095.65
2004	[Balmis and the philanthropic expedition of the vaccine. Bicentennial of the Royal Philanthropic Expedition of Francisco Xavier Balmis to carry smallpox vaccine to America and Philippines] Spanish	Sanchez Granjel L	An R Acad Nac Med (Madr) 2004 121(2): 331-8; discussion 8-44
2005	The Spanish royal philanthropic expedition to bring smallpox vaccination to the New World and Asia in the 19th century	Franco-Paredes C, Lammoglia L, Santos-Preciado JI	Clin Infect Dis 2005 41(9): 1285-9	DOI: 10.1086/496930
2006	[Letter] Spanish royal philanthropic expedition and smallpox vaccination	Christenson B	Clin Infect Dis 2006 42(5): 731; author reply -2	DOI: 10.1086/500267
2015	[The journey of the vaccine against smallpox: one expedition, two oceans, three continents, and thousands of children] Spanish	Tuells J, Duro-Torrijos JL	Gac Med Mex 2015 151(3): 416-25

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Sweden

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Smallpox was a severe endemic disease in Sweden during the 17th century, with 600-800 annual smallpox deaths per million population, spiling to 3000-7000 per million during periodic epidemics. Vacccination was made compulsory in 1816. However, epidemics continued to occur and endemicity wasn't ended until about 1895. Small outbreaks due to importations occurred almost annually through 1920, but were rare after that. In 1962-63, Sweden experienced an oubreak of 24 cases from an unidentified source.

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Historical Smallpox & Its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1964	[On smallpox vaccination in Abo at the beginning of 1800] Swedish	Lindberg J	Fin Lakaresallsk Handl 1964 108: 101-11
1976	[On the history of smallpox in Sweden] Swedish	Arvidsson SO	Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1976:67-78
1977	[A gleaning from the Swedish history of smallpox: From chill-inducing drugs via variolation to the emergence of cow pox vaccine] Swedish		Lakartidningen 1977 74(3):137-8
1989	[Our first smallpox vaccinator] Swedish	Kock W	Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1989: 117-25
1994	[From dreaded epidemic to rare disease - smallpox in Sweden 1750-1900] Swedish	Skold P	Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1994:87-108

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Smallpox in the 20th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1948	Post-vaccinal encephalitis in Sweden during the years 1924-1946	Heinertz NO	Bull WHO 1948 1(1): 58-61	PMC: PMC2556136
1962	[Smallpox vaccination of hospital personnel. Sickness absenteeism and frequency of take] Swedish	Rylander R	Sven Lakartidn 1962 59: 3793-9
1963	[Smallpox in Stockholm] Dutch	Dekking F	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1963 107: 1571-3
1964	[Smallpox vaccination in 1963 in a group of men with compulsory registration] Swedish	Nordbring F	Soc Med Tidskr 1964 41: 304-7
1965	[Experiences in the 1963 smallpox vaccination campaign of Post Office personnel in the Stockholm area]. Swedish	Ostlund E, Bloom G, Sandberg E	Soc Med Tidskr 1965 42:9-23
*1966	Supplement: Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963.	Strom J, Zetterberg B (eds)	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:5-171	URL: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/09546820a/1966/180/S464
	— Preface	Strom J, Zetterberg B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:5	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05069.x
*	— Epidemiology of smallpox in Stockholm 1963	Zetterberg B, Ringertz O, Svedmyr A, Wallmark G, Alin K	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:7-42	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05070.x
	— Apparatus for mass vaccination against smallpox	Peterson N	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:43-44	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05071.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. II. Case histories	Zetterberg B, Ringertz O, Svedmyr A, Wallmark G, Alin K, Ström J, Gerzén P, Herzenberg H, Jansson U, Ursing J, Werneman H	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:45-56	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05072.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. III. Diagnosis, clinical classification and symptoms, differential diagnosis and therapy	Ström J, Gerzén P, Herzenberg H, Jansson U, Ursing J, Werneman H	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:57-65	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05073.x
	— Organization of hospital care for smallpox cases at the hospital for infectious diseases in Stockholm	Ström J	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:66-70	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05074.x
	— Virological findings during the smallpox outbreak in Stockholm in 1963	Espmark A, Biberfeld G, Fagraeus A, Johnsson T, Jonsson J, Magnusson B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:71-86	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05075.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. V. Postvaccinal reactions and complications	Bengtsson E, Hansson S, Nyström B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:87-104	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05076.x
	— Neurological complications after smallpox vaccination	Holmgren B, Lindblom U	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:105-112	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05077.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. Circulatory studies in patients with abnormal ECG in the course of postvaccinal complications	Bengtsson E, Holmgren A, Nyström B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:113-126	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05078.x
	— ECG-changes without subjective symptoms after smallpox vaccination of military personnel	Ahlborg B, Linroth K, Nordgren B	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:127-134	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05079.x
	— Smallpox vaccination of patients with increased risk of complications	Ericsson H	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:135-138	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05080.x
	— Smallpox vaccination during pregnancy	Engström L	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:139-146	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05081.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. The assessment, and the vaccination, of patients with cutaneous disorders	Eriksson G, Forsbeck M	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:147-157	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05082.x
	— Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. Postvaccinal dermatoses	Rajka G, Nilzén A	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:158-161	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05083.x
	— Vaccinia antigens for skin testing. Preparation of antigens and quantitative studies of skin reactions in "standard populations"	Noren L, Espmark A, Fagraeus A, Holm SE, Lindahl J, Lycke E, Marquardt J	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:162-9	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05084.x
	— A case of asthma after vaccination against smallpox	Ekbom K	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464:170-171	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05085.x
1968	[Current status of smallpox vaccination] Swedish	Rylander R	Tidskr Sver Sjukskot 1968 11: 601-3
1968	[Current trends in smallpox vaccination] Swedish	Rylander R	Tidskr Sver Sjukskot 1968 35(11): 601-3
1969	Revaccination against smallpox	Rylander R	Public Health Rep (1896) 1969 84(7): 635-8	PMC: PMC2031514
1971	[The case of the infected woman: Experiment in Germany solved the Swedish smallpox mystery] Swedish		Lakartidningen 1971 68(2): 86-7
1976	[Coordinated vaccination policy in Scandinavia. Common storage of vaccine for smallpox?] Swedish		Nord Med 1976 91(6-7-1): 200
1994	[The last outbreak of smallpox in Sweden] Swedish	Werneman H	Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1994: 109-13
2000	The key to success: the role of local government in the organization of smallpox vaccination in Sweden	Skold P	Med Hist 2000 44(2): 201-26	PMC: PMC1044252

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Switzerland

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Historical Smallpox & Its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1888	Swiss small-pox statistics		Hospital (Lond 1886) 1888 4(100): 346	PMC: PMC5262892
1895	Concerning contagiousness of small-pox		Ind Med Gaz 1895 30(2): 84	PMC: PMC5143036
1995	[General vaccination in the 19th century. The relationship between the physician and the population as the background of smallpox vaccination in the Lucerne canton] German	Steinmann M	Gesnerus 1995 52(1-2): 66-82	URL: brill.com/view/journals/ges/52/1-2/ges.52.issue-1-2.xml
1974	[Smallpox in the District of Léman in 1811 (following the registration of Napoleonic conscription)] French	Barblan A	Gesnerus 1974 31(3-4): 193-220	URL: brill.com/view/journals/ges/31/3-4/ges.31.issue-3-4.xml
2000	[Variola and goiter: two public health conceptions] French	Vouilloz Burnier MF	Rev Med Suisse Romande 2000 120(12): 945-52
2022	The Swiss Canton of Thurgau - not the Kingdom of Bavaria - was the first state to introduce compulsory vaccination against smallpox	Habicht ME, Varotto E, Galassi FM	Public Health 2022 205: e16-e7	DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.01.028 PMC: PMC9768693

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Smallpox in the 20th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1947	[About the vaccine damage that has occurred in smallpox vaccinations in the canton of Bern since 1941] German	Oesch F	Ann Paediatr 1947 169(2): 125-35
1968	[Are smallpox vaccinations still necessary in Switzerland?] German	Just M	Ther Umsch 1968 25(4): 190-2
1973	[Anti-smallpox vaccine according to the Swiss schedule] French	Vogeli M	Z Krankenpfl 1973 66(7): 254-8 contd
1973	[The Swiss scheme of anti-smallpox vaccine II] French		Z Krankenpfl 1973 66(9): 312-5

Turkey

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Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1964	[Relations between the factors affecting the production of smallpox vaccine] Turkish	Ozluearda E	Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg (1961) 1964 24: 32-43
1965	[Dried smallpox vaccine production in Turkey and results obtained from the laboratory and vaccination studies with dried and glycerinated smallpox vaccines] Turkish	Ozluarda E	Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg (1961) 1965 25(2): 129-52
1966	[Results of study on the simultaneous administration of BCG and smallpox vaccines] Turkish	Ozluarda E, Sarp N, Ozluarda D	Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg (1961) 1966 26(3): 260-9
1967	[Efficacy control of dried and glycerinated smallpox vaccines by challenging of successful primary vaccinations after one year with potent vaccine] Turkish	Ozluarda E	Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg (1961) 1967 27(1): 5-13
1967	[Comparative study of smallpox vaccine yield from different Turkish breeds of sheep] Turkish	Ozluarda E	Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg (1961) 1967 27(2-3): 202-7
1968	[Brief history of the smallpox vaccine production in Turkey] Turkish	Ozluarda E	Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg (1961) 1968 28(3):220-37
1969	Brief history of epidemiology and control of smallpox in Turkey and recent developments in vaccine production	Ozluarda E	Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1969 29(3): 187-99
1971	[Complications, contraindications and implications of other vaccinations in unvaccinated smallpox] Turkish	Ozluarda E	Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg (1961) 1971 31(3): 245-53
2002	Two cases of smallpox in Byzantium	Lascaratos J, Tsiamis C	Int J Dermatol 2002 41(11): 792-5	DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01622.x
2003	Stamps in pediatrics: smallpox vaccination	Kula S	Arch Dis Child 2003 88(10): 841	DOI: 10.1136/adc.88.10.841 PMC: PMC1719313

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United Kingdom / British Isles

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European Region

USSR (former)

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For more information, see:

• How It Was: The Global Smallpox Eradication Programme in Reminiscences of its Participants, Marennikova SS (ed). Novosibirsk, TSERIS, 2011 (Russian) and 2018 (English). This book describes the contributions of the USSR to WHO's smallpox eradication program, including high-quality vaccine and laboratory research. Doctors participating as epidemiologists describe field operations and experiences.
• Ladnyi ID, Gol'd E (1977). [Sources of international cooperation of the USSR in the control of quarantine diseases]. Sov Zdravookhr 1977 (1):72-5
• Ladnyi ID (1978). [Worldwide program for the eradication of smallpox. V. Contribution of the USSR to the program of smallpox eradication throughout the world]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 (8):14-20

In 1971, an outbreak of 10 cases with 3 deaths occurred in Aralsk, Kazakhstan. Although investigated by the Soviet government, the outbreak was not disclosed to WHO until 2003. Its source remains undetermined but may have been a biological weapons facility.

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Historical Smallpox & Its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1981	[Tercentenary of the decree on smallpox (a page from the history of epidemiology)] Russian	Petrov BD	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1981 (6): 117-8
2012	Variola virus in a 300-year-old Siberian mummy	Biagini P, Theves C, Balaresque P, Geraut A, Cannet C, Keyser C, Nikolaeva D, Gerard P, Duchesne S, Orlando L, Willerslev E, Alekseev AN, de Micco P, Ludes B, Crubezy E	N Engl J Med 2012 367(21): 2057-9	DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1208124
1781	Tracts on inoculation written and published in St. Petersburg, 1768, with additional observations on epidemic small pox, on the nature of that disease, and on the different success of the various modes of inoculation	Dimsdale T	London Phillips (8 vols, 249 pages)
1973	Dr. Thomas Dimsdale and smallpox inoculation in Russia	Clendenning PH	J Hist Med Allied Sci 1973 28(2):109-25	DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/xxviii.2.109
1984	Doctor Thomas Dimsdale, and smallpox in Russia. The variolation of the Empress Catherine the Great	Griffiths J	Bristol Med Chir J 1984-s 99(369):14-6	PMC: PMC5077001
1964	[Control of smallpox in the Tavrichesk District during the 1st half of the 19th century (according to data of the Crimean Regional Archives)] Russian	Mursalova NN	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1964 41: 137-9
2020	Three different paths to introduce the smallpox vaccine in early 19th century United States	Esparza J	Vaccine 2020 38(12): 2741-5	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.077
1954	[35th anniversary of the decree of the Council of Peoples Commissars on obligatory smallpox vaccination] Russian	Bogolepova ES	Feldsher Akush 1954 6: 39-42
1970	[Lenin's decree concerning the control of natural smallpox] Russian	Kravchenko AT	Vopr Virusol 1970 15(1):3-6
1965	[Contributions to the history of smallpox vaccination in Byelorussia] Russian	Beliatskii DP	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 42(8):148-51
*1970	[The history of smallpox eradication in the USSR] Russian	Kravchenko AT	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1970 47(2):3-8
*1982	[History of the elimination of smallpox in the USSR] Russian	Vasil'ev KG, Vasil'ev KK	Vopr Virusol 1982 (1):113-6

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Smallpox in the 20th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1952	[Ways of elimination of some communicable diseases in the USSR] Russian	Zhdanov VM, Timakov VD	Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR 1952 3:41-50
1958	[Basic aspects of the investigation of smallpox and other viral diseases in the USSR; review] Russian	Morozov MA	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1958 29(7):90-8
1958	Eradication of Smallpox 11th World Health Assembly, Provisional Agenda Item 6.9	Government of the USSR	A11/P&B/18	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1959	[Trip of Soviet physicians to Pakistan and control of cholera and smallpox] Russian	Pastukhov BN	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1959 30(2):148-51
*1961	[An outbreak of smallpox in Moscow during 1959-1960] Russian	Baroian OV, Serenko AF	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1961 32:72-9
1961	[Clinical aspects and differential diagnosis of smallpox. (On data on an outbreak of transmitted smallpox in Moscow in January, 1960] Russian	Eremian AV	Sov Med 1961 25:40-51
1961	[Laboratory diagnostic techniques for smallpox and their comparative evaluation (data of Moscow outbreak, 1960)] Russian Conference on epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, specific prophylaxis & therapy of smallpox. Moscow, USSR, 1961	Marennikova SS, Akatova EM, Gurvich EG, Fuev VA, Ogorodnikova FT, Yumasheva MA	Proceedings, Marennikova SS (ed). Moscow, [Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera], 1961
1961	[Study of the duration of immunity against smallpox vaccination in the recipient population in Uzbekistan] Russian	Nesmeianova SI, Chikryzova LG, Boiko VM, Kornienko TI, Vishnevskaia LF, Vazhova TV	Med Zh Uzb 1961 8: 65-8
1961	[Organization and conduction of mass smallpox vaccination in Iraq with the aid of the Soviet Union] Russian	Zakarian AV	Vopr Virusol 1961 6: 733-5
1961	Preparation and execution of mass smallpox vaccination in Iraq with the assistance of the Soviet Union	Zakaryan AV	Probl Virol 1961 6:797-800
1963	Soviet help in eradicating smallpox from India	Mehrota OP	Punjab Med J 1963 13: 290-1
1964	Comparative study of Russian freeze-dried smallpox vaccine and a local lymph: further report	Sarkar JK, Chatterjee SN, Chakravarty SK	Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1964 12: 15-7
1965	[On smallpox immunity in sailors] Russian	Iatsenko AF, Korobov LI, Shafran LM	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 42(9): 21-4
1965	[On the evaluation of immunity to smallpox in soldiers during the 1st year of service by skin tests and revaccination] Russian	Popov NV	Voen Med Zh 1965 5: 70-3
1966	[New aspects of the epidemiology of smallpox] Russian	Beliakov VD	Voen Med Zh 1966 5: 41-7
1966	[Results of revaccination against natural smallpox] Russian	Kas'ianenko AM	Vrach Delo 1966 11: 91-3
1966	[State of collective immunity against natural smallpox in children in preschool institutions and in school] Russian	Kas'ianenko AM	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 43(10): 142
1972	[Postvaccinal immunity to smallpox in the population of Nakhodka] Russian	Karmanova EV, Duras TI	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1972 49(10): 141-4
1975	[Results of observations on the state of immunity against smallpox in individual groups of the population of the Primorsk region] Russian	Karmanova EV	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1975 12: 123-4
1976	[Individual calendar of preventive vaccinations against smallpox] Russian	Lebedinskii AP	Pediatriia 1976 (1): 54-7
1977	[Sources of international cooperation of the USSR in the control of quarantine diseases] Russian	Ladnyi ID, Gol'd E	Sov Zdravookhr 1977 (1):72-5
1978	[Worldwide program for the eradication of smallpox. V. Contribution of the USSR to the program of smallpox eradication throughout the world] Russian	Ladnyi ID	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 (8):14-20
1980	[Program to eliminate smallpox throughout the world (history of its development and the role of the Soviet Union)] Russian	Zhdanov VM, Slepushkin AN	Vopr Virusol 1980 (4): 395-9
2001	[Isolation and identification of the smallpox virus which caused iatrogenic vaccinia in children in the city of Vladivostok] Russian	Onishchenko GG, Markov VI, Ustiushin VN, Borisevich SV, Kuznetsova GI, Loginova S, Berezhnoi AM, Vasil'ev NT, Maksimov VA, Makhlai AA	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2001 (2): 40-5

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The 1971 Outbreak in Aralsk, Kazakhstan

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
2003		The 1971 smallpox outbreak in the Soviet city of Aralsk: Implications for Variola virus as a bioterrorist threat		Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):79-190
	— Foreword	Atshabar BB	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):79-80	DOI: 10.1080/713610416
	— Introduction	Tucker JB, Zilinskas RA	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):81-95	DOI: 10.1080/713610417
	— An epidemiological analysis of the 1971 smallpox outbreak in Aralsk, Kazakhstan	Zelicoff AP	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):97-108	DOI: 10.1080/713610418 PMC: PMC9491329
	— Report on measures taken to contain and eradicate the smallpox outbreak locale in the city of Aralsk (September/October, 1971)	Sarynov E, Kulmakhanov B, Makatov Z	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):109-44	DOI: 10.1080/713610419 PMC: PMC9491311
	— Report on measures taken to contain and eradicate the smallpox outbreak locale in the city of Aralsk (October, 1971)	Sarynov E, Kulmakhanov B	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):145-8	DOI: 10.1080/713610420
	— Report on measures taken to contain and eradicate the smallpox outbreak locale in the city of Aralsk. Autopsy report	Sarynov E, Kulmakhanov B	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):149-58	DOI: 10.1080/713610421
	— Commentary on implications of the 1971 outbreak in Aralsk, Kazakhstan, for U.S. Smallpox Vaccination Policy (No. 1)	Atlas RM, Clover R	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):159-61	DOI: 10.1080/713610422
	— Commentary on the 1971 smallpox epidemic in Aralsk, Kazakhstan, and the Soviet Biological Warfare Program (No. 2)	Gilsdorf JR	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):163-7	DOI: 10.1080/713610423 PMC: PMC9491310
	— Commentary on Dr. Alan Zelicoff's epidemiological analysis of the Aralsk outbreak (No. 3)	Henderson DA	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):169-70	DOI: 10.1080/713610424
	— Commentary on Dr. Alan Zelicoff's analysis of the Aralsk outbreak (No. 4)	Jahrling PB	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):171-2	DOI: 10.1080/713610425
	— Commentary on Dr. Alan Zelicoff's analysis (No. 5)	Merkle PB	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):173-4	DOI: 10.1080/713610426
	— Commentary on Dr. Alan P. Zelicoff's analysis (No. 7)	Woodall J	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):177-82	DOI: 10.1080/713610428
	— Comments on the commentaries	Zelicoff AP	Crit Rev Microbiol 2003 29(2):183-90	DOI: 10.1080/713610429

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European Region

Yugoslavia

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Historical Smallpox & Its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Journal	URL
1972	[1st book printed in Dalmatia on the variola vaccine] Serbo-Croat	Baric D	Lijec Vjesn 1972 94(4): 196-8
1961	[Vaccination against variola in Dubrovnik reported by Dr. Luka Stulli in 1809] Serbo-Croat	Djordjevic S, Caric K	Srp Arh Celok Lek 1961 89: 1059-64
1972	[Early reports on smallpox vaccination in our territory] Serbo-Croat	Mikic P	Med Pregl 1972 25(9-10): 361-7
1973	[Epidemics of variola in Yugoslavia] Serbo-Croat	Terzin A, Vukovic B	Med Pregl 1973 26: 9-16

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Smallpox in the 20th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1962	[Current status of anti-smallpox vaccination] Serbo-Croat	Kosanovic-Cetkovic D	Med Glas 1962 16: 54-8
1964	[Vaccination and anti-smallpox immunity. Results of serological vaccination control in a unit of the Yugoslav Army] Serbo-Croat	Heneberg D, Jovanovic T, Vukojevic D, Palica A	Vojnosanit Pregl 1964 21: 397-400
1964	[Vaccination and anti-smallpox immunity. Results of serological vaccination control in a unit of the Yugoslav Army] Serbo-Croat	Heneberg D, Jovanovic T, Vukojevic D, Palica A	Vojnosanit Pregl 1964 21: 397-400
1971	[Immunization against smallpox from the epidemiological and legislative viewpoint] Serbo-Croat	Bizjak M	Nar Zdrav 1971 27(1): 15-8
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #70A, 21 Apr 1972 Outbreak: Yugoslavia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(16):161-2	WHO: 10665/218843
1972	Smallpox in Yugoslavia		Med J Aust 1972 1(21): 1063-4	DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1972.tb116639.x
1972	[Preliminary data on the occurrence of smallpox in Yugoslavia] Serbo-Croat		Nar Zdrav 1972 28(4): 125-6
1973	Epidemiologic aspects of smallpox in Yugoslavia in 1972 Yugoslav Symposium on Smallpox, Primosten, Yugoslavia, 21-24 Nov 1972	Litvinjenko S, Arsić B, Borjanović S	WHO/SE/73.57	WHO: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/67617
1973	[Smallpox in Yugoslavia and Hanover in 1972 (author's transl)]. German	Buchwald G	Med Klin 1973 68(39):1271-4
1973	Vaccination programme in Yugoslavia International Symposium on Vaccination against Communicable Diseases, Monaco, Mar 14-17 1973	Jakovljevic D	Symposia Series in Immunobiological Standardization Vol 22, Basel, Karger, 1973
1973	The smallpox epidemic in Yugoslavia	Lippold KR	Health Visit 1973 46(10): 336
1974	[Smallpox in Yugoslavia in 1972 (author's transl)] German	Ehrengut W	Med Klin 1974 22 69(8): 350-2
1974	[Organization of the smallpox control in Vojvodina] Serbo-Croat	Ferencevic S, Vasic V, Petrov N, Doroski R, Drapsin P	Med Pregl 1974 27(1-2): 9-12
1974	[Concept of smallpox control in the light of our 1st domestic and contemporary foreign experiences] Serbo-Croat	Gaon J	Nar Zdrav 1974 30(1-2): 34-40
1974	[Recollections on smallpox on the 2d anniversary of its incidence in our country] Serbo-Croat	Huziak T, Bobinac E	Lijec Vjesn 1974 96(6): 378-9
1974	[Vaccination state of the patients with smallpox in Kosovo]. Serbian	Kecmanović M, Suvaković V	Srp Arh Celok Lek 1974 102(6):427-37
1975	[Should the method of smallpox vaccination be changed in the YNA (Yugoslavian National Army)?] Serbo-Croat	Birtasevic B, Aric B, Miletic M	Vojnosanit Pregl 1975 32(3): 308-11
1975	[Results in the mass-vaccination of the population of the community Sombor against variola by the jet-method] Serbo-Croat	Cvetic L, Lazic P	Med Pregl 1975 28(3-4): 125-30
1975	[The effect of vaccination status on the clinical form and outcome of the disease in smallpox patients (author's transl)] German	Kecmanovic M, Suvakovic V	MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1975 117(3): 87-92
1975	[Short review on the incidence of variola in Sremska Mitrovica] Serbo-Croat	Miokovic D	Med Pregl 1975 28(1-2): 39-40
1976	[Lesions of visible mucous membranes during the course of variola. Studies of 118 patients in the epidemics in the year 1972] Serbo-Croat	Suvakovic V, Kecmanovic M	Srp Arh Celok Lek 1976 104(7-8): 513-26
1979	Mass vaccination against smallpox and mortality in Yugoslavia in 1972	Radovanovic Z, Djordjevic Z	Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979 73(1): 122	DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(79)90150-0
1983	[Comment on the film "Variola Vera"] Serbo-Croat	Perisic Z	Srp Arh Celok Lek 1983 111(5): 705-10
2002	[Thirty years since the smallpox epidemic in Yugoslavia] Serbo-Croat	Litvinjenko S	Srp Arh Celok Lek 2002 130(11-12): 357-60
2004	Smallpox outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972	Cobeljic M	Vojnosanit Pregl 2004 61(5): 569-73
2017	The last major outbreak of smallpox (Yugoslavia, 1972): The importance of historical reminders	Ilic M, Ilic I	Travel Med Infect Dis 2017 17: 69-70	DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.05.010

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