Target Zero: Smallpox - Clinical Features

Clinical Features and Epidemiology

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1945	Ocular complications in smallpox	Sen K	Ind Med Gaz 1945 80(4):181-3	PMCID: PMC5218354
1960	Epidemiological considerations of smallpox control Inter-Regional Smallpox Conference. New Delhi, India, 14-19 Nov 1960	Soewondo R	SEA/SPX/Conf 3
1964	Expert Committee on Smallpox. Geneva, Switzerland, 14-20 January 1964
	– Factors involved in transmission of smallpox and duration of immunity	CW Dixon	Smallpox/WP/7	WHO: 10665/67697
	– A study of 240 cases of haemorrhagic smallpox	Rao AR	Smallpox/WP/22	WHO: 10665/67676
1966	Smallpox: Mild and severe	Sarkar JK	Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1966 14(2):57-8
1966	Smallpox: Its severity and mildness		J Indian Med Assoc 1966 47(3):139-40
1967	Effects of malnutrition on smallpox and yellow fever vaccination. Review		Nutr Rev 1967 25(4):108-10	DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1967.tb05593.x
1967	Age distribution of patients in endemic smallpox. II.	Roberts CJ	Cent Afr J Med 1967 13(3):61-2
1967	The clinical features of smallpox, 3	Roberts CJ	Cent Afr J Med 1967 13(4):88-95
1968	A study of immunity to smallpox in persons who have experienced a previous attack	Vichniakov VE	Bull WHO 1968 39(3):433-7	PMCID: PMC2554405
1968	Epidemiological studies in smallpox. A study of intrafamilial transmission in a series of 254 infected families	Rao AR, Jacob ES, Kamalakshi S, Appaswamy S, Bradbury	Indian J Med Res 1968 56(12):1826-54	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Joint WHO/CDC/USAID Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Epidemiology of smallpox in West and Central Africa	Foege WH	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):29-35a
	– Persistence of smallpox in remote unvaccinated villages	Imperato P, Sow O, LaPointe M, Vastine D, Leonard TA	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):47-51
	– Associated with exposure at a funeral ceremony: Smallpox outbreak, Yawei Chiefdom, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone	Cummings EC, Hopkins DR, Thornton JN	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):52-4
	– Role of migrant groups in the transmission of smallpox in Mali	Sow O	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):55-6
	– A study of smallpox in the Tuaregs in Tahoua, Niger	Masso AR	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):57-8
1969	Smallpox and the density of susceptible persons in Matlab, East Pakistan	Arita I	WP/14
1969	Smallpox transmission in Southern Dahomey. A study of a village outbreak	Henderson RH, Yekpe M	Am J Epidemiol 1969 90(5):423-8	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121088
1969	Smallpox in a border area		WHO Chron 1969 23(8):379-82
1970	An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe Joint Conference on Infectious Disease. Soc for the Study of Infect Dis (Scotland) and Infect Dis Soc of America, Edinburgh & Glasgow, 14-18 Sep 1970	Wehrle PF, Posch J, Richter KH, Henderson DA	Bull WHO 1970 43(5):669-79	PMCID: PMC2427800
1970	Airborne transmission of smallpox		WHO Chron 1970 24(7):311-5
1971	A study of inapparent infection in smallpox.	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Daniel RW, Cole JL, Anthony RL, McCrumb FR, Jr	WHO/SE/71.26	WHO: 10665/67484
1971	Epidemiology of variola minor in Brazil based on a study of 33 outbreaks	de Quadros CA, Morris L, da Costa EA, Arnt N, Tigre CH	WHO/SE/71.32 and Bull WHO 1972 46(2):165-71	WHO: 10665/67490 PMCID: PMC2480711
1971	A study of intrafamilial transmission of smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, McCrumb FR, Jr.	WHO/SE/71.33 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):316-26	WHO: 10665/67491 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121326
1971	Endemic smallpox in rural East Pakistan. I. Methodology, clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of cases, and intervillage transmission	Thomas DB, McCormack WM, Arita I, Khan MM, Islam S, Mack TM	WHO/SE/71.24 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 93(5):361-72	WHO: 10665/67482 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121269
1971	Endemic smallpox in rural East Pakistan. II. Intervillage transmission and infectiousness	Thomas DB, Arita I, McCormack WM, Khan MM, Islam S, Mack TM	WHO/SE/71.25 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 93(5):373-83	WHO: 10665/67483 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121270
1971	Smallpox in children. A clinical study of 100 cases	Sheth SC, Maruthi V, Tibrewala NS, Pai PM	Indian J Pediatr 1971 38(278):128-31	DOI:10.1007/BF02751409
1971	The transmission pattern of smallpox in Eastern Mali	Fofana B, Imperato PJ, Nedvideck J	Acta Trop 1971 28(2):175-9
1972	Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. III. Outbreak detection and interlocality transmission	Thomas DB, Mack TM, Ali A, Muzaffar Khan M	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(2):178-89 [Reprinted in Am J Epidemiol 1995 141(6):490-501]	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121383 [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117463]
1972	Clinical smallpox: Classification and frequency of type of variola major	Rao AR	SE/72.1	WHO: 10665/68028
1972	Incubation period of smallpox	Downie AW	SE/72.3	WHO: 10665/68033
1972	Clinical stages of smallpox, chickenpox, herpes Inter-Country Training Course in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Smallpox. WHO, New Delhi, 23-31 Oct 1972	Rao AR	SE/WP/72.22b	WHO: 10665/68110
1972	Pattern of transmission: Relative significance of cases of varying severity	Rao AR	SE/72.2	WHO: 10665/68032
1972	Case fatality ratios in smallpox	Shafa E	WHO/SE/72.35	WHO: 10665/67493
1972	Infected inanimate objects (fomites) and their role in transmission of smallpox	Rao AR	WHO/SE/72.40	WHO: 10665/67501
1973	Role of mosquitoes in the spread of smallpox	Sarkar JK, Hati AK, Mitra AC	J Infect Dis 1973 128(6): 781-3	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/128.6.781
1975	Pattern of intrafamilial transmission of smallpox in Calcutta, India	Mukherjee MK, Sarkar JK, Mitra AC	WHO/SE/75.73 and Bull WHO 1974 51(3):219-25	WHO: 10665/68172 PMCID: PMC2366277
1975	Epidemiological implications of the typing of variola isolates	Dumbell KR, Huq F	WHO/SE/75.74 and Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1975 69(3):303-8	WHO: 10665/68174 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(75)90123-6
1975	Clinical observations on smallpox: a study of 1233 patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, during 1973	Guha Mazumder DN, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK	Bull WHO 1975 52(3):301-6	PMCID: PMC2366378
1977	Problem of persistence of facial pockmarks among smallpox patients	Ježek Z, Basu RN, Arya ZS	WHO/SE/77.97 and Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):95-101	WHO: 10665/68222
1978	Smallpox facial pockmarks [photographs]		SME/78.2
1978	Fatality, facial scarring and blindness from smallpox in Bangladesh	Hughes K	WHO/SE/78.101	WHO: 10665/68229
1979	A study of smallpox transmission rate in Bangladesh	Tulloch J, Tarantola D	SME/79.1	WHO: 10665/68311
1979	Smallpox: clinical types, causes of death, and treatment	Koplan JP, Foster SO	J Infect Dis 1979 140(3):440-1	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/140.3.440
1995	Invited commentary on Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. III. Outbreak detection and interlocality transmission.	Henderson DA.	Am J Epidemiol 1995 141(6):489 [See Am J Epidemiol 1995 141(6):490-501]	DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112194 [DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117463]
1999	Smallpox: clinical and epidemiologic features	Henderson DA	Emerg Infect Dis 1999 5(4):537-9	DOI: 10.3201/eid0504.990415 PMCID: PMC2627742
2001	WER. Smallpox	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 2001 Nov 2 76(44):337-44	WHO: 10665/231685

Laboratory Diagnosis

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1905	The application of laboratory methods to the diagnosis of variola	Howard WT	JAMA 1905 44(14):1095-8	DOI: 10.1001/jama.1905.92500410019001e
1923	The diagnosis of smallpox by the Paul method	Scott JM, Simon CE	Am J Epidemiol 1923 3(4):401-15	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118943
1928	The reaction in the skin of the normal rabbit following intradermal injection of material from smallpox lesions: the specificity of this reaction and its application as a diagnostic test	McKinnon NE, Defries RD	Am J Epidemiol 1928 8(1):93-106	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120993
1928	The laboratory diagnosis of smallpox virus utilizing the rabbit	Defries RD, McKinnon NE	Am J Epidemiol 1928 8(1):107-24	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120985
1938	Infection of the chorio–allantois of the chick embryo as a diagnostic test for variola	Buddingh GJ	Am J Epidemiol 1938 28(1):130-7	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118428
1942	Chorio-allantoic membrane infection as a diagnostic test for smallpox	Bohls SW, Irons JV	Am J Public Health 1942 32(3):300-6	DOI: 10.2105/ajph.32.3.300 PMCID: PMC1526995
1944	The use of the chorioallantois of the developing chick embryo in the diagnosis of smallpox	North EA, Broben JA, Mengoni AH	Med J Aust 1944 1:437-8
1944	A laboratory test for diagnosis of smallpox	van Rooyen CE, Illingworth RS	Br Med J 1944 2(4372):526-9	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4372.526 PMCID: PMC2286597
1947	The value of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of smallpox	Downie AW	Public Health 1947 60:82	DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(46)80087-8
1948	The use of the electron microscope in diagnosis of variola, vaccinia, and varicella	Nagler FP, Rake G	J Bacteriol 1948 55(1):45-51	DOI: 10.1128/jb.55.1.45-51.1948 PMCID: PMC518406
1950	Studies on the serological diagnosis of smallpox	Collier WA, Schonfeld JK	Med J Aust 1950 2(10):363-6	DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1950.tb81119.x
1950	[Rapid diagnosis of smallpox with Tieche's method] German	Kaiser M	Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1950 16(3):97-104
1950	Application of the Feulgen reaction to the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Wolman M	Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1950 74(1):85-7	DOI: 10.3181/00379727-74-17817
1951	[New developments in the field of smallpox with special reference to conditions in Britain and modern methods of laboratory diagnosis] German	Germer WD	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1951 76(33-34):1011-4	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1117374
1952	The diagnosis of smallpox. II	Anderson T	Br Med J 1952 2(4793):1090-2	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4793.1090 PMCID: PMC2022092
1952	Nicolau stain for smallpox diagnosis	Dekking F	Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1952 18(4):291-2	DOI: 10.1007/BF02538617
1952	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	MacCallum FO	J R Sanit Inst 1952 72(2):112-6	DOI: 10.1177/146642405207200203
1953	Virus and virus antigen in the blood of smallpox patients; their significance in early diagnosis and prognosis	Downie AW, McCarthy K, Macdonald A, Maccallum FO, Macrae AE	Lancet 1953 265(6778):164-6	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90107-x
1957	Smallpox and alastrim; use of the chick embryo to distinguish between the viruses of variola major and variola minor	Helbert D	Lancet 1957 272(6977):1012-4	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)91334-x
1957	Effect of temperatures of up to 45 degrees C on survival of variola virus in human material in relation to laboratory diagnosis	MacCallum FO, McDonald JR	Bull WHO 1957 16(2):441-3	PMCID: PMC2538238
1957	[Methods for laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] Russian	Marennikova SS, Mastiukova IN	Vopr Virusol 1957 2(2):115-7
1958	[Variola; clinical picture, epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of a case of varioloid introduced from the air passages] German	Andres KH, Lieske H, Lippelt H, Mannweiler E, Nielsen G, Peters D, Seelemann K	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1958 83(1):12-7	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1114152
1958	[Use of the hemagglutination-inhibition test for the diagnosis of smallpox] Russian	Marennikova SS	Vopr Virusol 1958 3(2):74-8
1959	An agar-gel precipitation test for the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Dumbell KR, Nizamuddin M	Lancet 1959 1(7079):916-7	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(59)91315-7
1960	[Note on the diagnosis of variola in the laboratory. II. Method for the inoculation of the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick embryo] French	Bres P, Camain R, Darrasse H	Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1960 99:92-102
1960	[Use of micro-precipitation in agar in laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] Czech	Sourek J	Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1960 9:101-5
1961	Laboratory differentiation between variola major and variola minor	Dumbell KR, Bedson HS, Rossier E	Bull WHO 1961 25(1):73-78	PMCID: PMC2555551
1961	[On the use of slide agar precipitation reaction in the diagnosis of smallpox] Russian	Marennikova SS, Maltseva NN	Vopr Virusol 1961 6:204-7
1962	[Smallpox. Observations on the reliability of rapid electron microscopic diagnosis] German	Peters D, Nielsen G, Bayer ME	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1962 87:2240-6 [Reprinted in English as WHO/Smallpox/19, 1963]	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1114082 [WHO: 10665/67653]
1963	The use of immunofluorescence in the rapid presumptive diagnosis of variola	Kirsh D, Kissling R	Bull WHO 1963 29(1):126-8	PMCID: PMC2554785
1963	The diagnosis of smallpox by immunofluroescence	Murray HG	Lancet 1963 1(7286):847-8	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(63)91621-0
1964	Laboratory aspects Expert Committee on Smallpox, Geneva, Switzerland, 14-20 Jan 1964	Downie AW	Smallpox/WP/2	WHO: 10665/67660
1964	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox and similar viral diseases by means of tissue culture methods. 3. Additional modes of differentiating viruses of the pox group in tissue culture	Gurvich EB, Marennikova SS	Acta Virol 1964 8:435-42
1964	Electron microscopy in differential diagnosis of poxvirus infections	Nagington J	Br Med J 1964 2(5423):1499-500	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5423.1499 PMCID: PMC1817167
1965	Use of the fluorescent antibody technique in the detection and differential diagnosis of smallpox	Gurvich EB, Roihel VM	Acta Virol 1965 9:165-71
1965	Assay of variola virus by the fluorescent cell-counting technique	Hahon N	Appl Microbiol 1965 13(6):865-71	DOI: 10.1128/am.13.6.865-871.1965 PMCID: PMC1058363
1966	Electron microscopy in the rapid diagnosis of smallpox	Cruickshank JG, Bedson HS, Watson DH	Lancet 1966 288(7462):527-30	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(66)92882-0
1967	Evaluation of the fluorescent antibody technique for the diagnosis of smallpox	el-Ganzoury AL	J Clin Pathol 1967 20(6):879-82	DOI: 10.1136/jcp.20.6.879 PMCID: PMC473631
1967	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in the Americas] Spanish	Noble J, Sales Gomes JF, Rodrigues BA, Bica AN	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1967 2(166-167):531-536	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/14521
1968	The development of smallpox laboratory diagnostic services Meeting of Regional Advisers on Smallpox Eradication. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-10 Apr 1968			DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	Laboratory aids to the control of smallpox in countries where the disease is not endemic	Dumbell KR	Prog Med Virol 1968 10:388-97
1969	Rapid methods of diagnosis in smallpox	Bedson HS	Proc R Soc Med 1969 62(4):373-4	PMCID: PMC1810718
1970	Experience with electron microscopy in the differential diagnosis of smallpox	Long GW, Nobel J Jr, Murphy FA, Herrmann KL, Lourie B	Appl Microbiol 1970 20(3):497-504	DOI: 10.1128/am.20.3.497-504.1970 PMCID: PMC376966
1970	[Smallpox or chickenpox: A difficult clinical and laboratory diagnosis] Spanish	López JH, García J, Uribe A, Noble J Jr	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1970 68(6):503-9	iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/14484
1970	Accuracy of smallpox diagnosis by immunfluorescence with a purified conjugate	Noble J Jr, Loggins MS	Appl Microbiol 1970 19(5):855-61	DOI: 10.1128/am.19.5.855-861.1970 PMCID: PMC376802
1970	A clinical and laboratory study of smallpox in Brazil. Accuracy of the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in patients with Brazilian variola minor infection	Noble J Jr, Long GW, Kirchner E, Sesso J	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970 19(6):1020-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.1020
1970	Precipitation in gel test in diagnosis of smallpox	Rao AR, Sukumar MS, Kamalakshi S, Paramasivam TV, Shantha M, Parasuraman AR	Indian J Med Res 1970 58(3):271-82	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	[Analysis of specimens for the diagnosis of smallpox in a laboratory of Brazil] Spanish	Schatzmayr HG, Mesquita JA	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1970 69(6):500-4	iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/11589
1971	A gel-precipitin test for the diagnosis of varicella	Brunell PA, Cohen BH, Granat M	Bull WHO 1971 44(6):811-4	PMCID: PMC2427864
1971	[Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Diseases Hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. I. Evaluation of different direct methods of diagnosis]. Portuguese	Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G	Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1971 13(4):257-67
1972	The role of the diagnostic laboratory Inter-Country Seminar on Surveillance in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, India, 30 Oct - 2 Nov 1972	Henderson DA	SE/WP/72(6)	WHO: 10665/68084
1972	[Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Disease Hospital of Sao Paulo, Brazil. II. Evaluation and interpretation of the serodiagnosis]. Portuguese	Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G	Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1972 14(2):114-20
1972	Evaluation of virological laboratory methods for smallpox diagnosis New Approaches to Investigation and Diagnosis of Viral Diseases, Sapporo, Japan, 18-20 Sep 1972	Nakano JH	WHO/SE/72.44 and Bull WHO 1973 48(5):529-34]	WHO: 10665/67506 and 10665/68106 [PMCID: PMC2482932]
1972	[Use of the indirect hemagglutination reaction for the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox]. Russian	Noskov FS, Marennikova SS, Konikova RE, Shelukhina EM, Ertte AP	Vopr Virusol 1972 17(3):347-51
1972	Further studies with precipitation in gel test in diagnosis of smallpox. I. Studies on detection of antibodies in sera by pig test	Rao AR, Savithri Sukumar M, Kamalakshi S, Paramasivam TV, Ramakrishnan S	Indian J Med Res 1972 60(9):1254-60	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox in Rhodesia and the use of the electron microscope in the diagnosis of this and other diseases	Swanepoel R, Cruickshank JG	Cent Afr J Med 1972 18(4):68-72
1973	[Two cases of smallpox in Hanover (1967 and 1972): clinical features, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis] German	Hopken W, Willers H, Knocke KW, Olberding P, Liess B, Petzold K, Laufs R, Raub HW	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1973 98(12):587-93	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1106864
1973	Differential diagnosis of variola viruses by microfocus assay	Kitamura T, Tanaka Y	Bull WHO 1973 48(4):495-7	DOI: PMC2481097
1973	Evaluation of the precipitation-in-gel reaction in the diagnosis of smallpox	Mitra AC, Sarkar JK, Mukherjee MK, Chakravarty MS	Bull WHO 1973 49(6):555-8	DOI: PMC2481019
1973	Smallpox, vaccinia and human monkeypox viruses [For publication in Manual of clinical microbiology, 2nd ed. Amer Soc for Microbiology. Washington DC	Nakano JH, Bingham PG	SE/73.2	WHO: 10665/68044
1974	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in India: is it an academic exercise?	Ray SN	J Commun Dis 1974 6
1974	Evaluation of egg inoculation and precipitation in gel test for laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Sehgal CL, Pal SC	Indian J Med Res 1974 62(8):1134-9	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Studies on freeze dried smallpox vaccine as a source of antigen in the precipitation-in-gel test	Sehgal CL, Ray SN	Indian J Med Res 1974 62(9):1407-14	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Detection by radioimmunoassay of antibodies in human smallpox patients and vaccinees	Ziegler DW, Hutchinson HD, Koplan JP, Nakano JH	J Clin Microbiol 1975 1(3):311-7	DOI: 10.1128/jcm.1.3.311-317.1975 PMCID: PMC275071
1977	Differentiation of variola, monkeypox, and vaccinia antisera by radioimmunoassay	Hutchinson HD, Ziegler DW, Wells DE, Nakano JH	Bull WHO 1977 55(5):613-23	PMCID: PMC2366687
1977	Virological studies of smallpox in an endemic area. I. Evaluation of immunofluorescence staining as a rapid diagnostic procedure in the field	Kitamura T, Aoyama Y, Kurata T, Arita M, Imagawa Y	Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1977 30(5):215-27	DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.30.215
1978	Role of laboratory diagnosis in the smallpox eradication programme in India	Ježek Z, Basu PN, Sehgal S, Balasubramaniam S, Arya ZS	Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):113-9
1979	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 146, Mar 16 1979 Collection and testing of specimens	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1979 54(11):85	WHO: 10665/222400 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1981	Immunofluorescence staining for detection of variola virus	Tarantola DJ, Huq F, Nakano JH, Foster SO	J Clin Microbiol 1981 13(4):723-5	DOI: 10.1128/jcm.13.4.723-725.1981 PMCID: PMC273867
1982	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox: role of the Virus Reference Laboratory, Colindale, 1947-70	Macrae AD	J Hyg (Lond) 1982 89(3):399-407	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400070972 PMCID: PMC2134242
2002	Diagnosis and management of smallpox	Breman JG, Henderson DA	N Engl J Med 2002 346(17):1300-8	DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra020025
2015	Variola virus-specific diagnostic assays: characterization, sensitivity, and specificity	Kondas AV, Olson VA, Li Y, Abel J, Laker M, Rose L, Wilkins K, Turner J, Kline R, Damon IK	J Clin Microbiol 2015 53(4):1406-10 [Erratum J Clin Microbiol 2015 Aug;53(8):2795]	DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03613-14 [DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01383-15] PMCID: PMC4365196 [PMCID: PMC4508394]

Laboratory Research

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1961	Studies on the virus content of mouth washings in the acute phase of smallpox	Downie AW, St Vincent L, Meiklejohn G, Ratnakannan NR, Rao AR, Krishnan GN, Kempe CH	Bull WHO 1961 25(1): 49-53	PMCID: PMC2555545
1961	Studies of smallpox antibody levels of sera from samples of the vaccinated adult population of Madras	Downie AW, Hobday TL, St Vincent L, Kempe CH	Bull WHO 1961 25(1):55-61	PMCID: PMC2555531
1961	Air sampling to recover variola virus in the environment of a smallpox hospital	Meiklejohn G, Kempe CH, Downie AW, Berge TO, St Vincent L, Rao AR	Bull WHO 1961 25(1):63-7	PMCID: PMC2555530
1964	WHO Expert Committee on Smallpox. Geneva, Switzerland, 14-20 Jan 1964
	– Bleeding and coagulation studies in smallpox and chicken-pox, Madras, India, 1962-63	Kempe CH	Smallpox/WP/5	WHO: 10665/67694
	– The viruses of variola major, variola minor and atypical strains	Downie AW	Smallpox/WP/14	WHO: 10665/67665
1965	Haemorrhagic smallpox. I. Preliminary haematological studies	Roberts JF, Coffee G, Creel SM, Gaal A, Githens JH, Rao AR, Sundara Babu BV, Kempe CH	Bull WHO 1965 33(5):607-13	PMCID: PMC2475867
1965	The recovery of smallpox virus from patients and their environment in a smallpox hospital	Downie AW, Meiklejohn M, St Vincent L, Rao AR, Sundara Babu BV, Kempe CH	Bull WHO 1965 33(5):615-22	PMCID: PMC2475863
1965	Smallpox frequency and severity in relation to A, B and O blood groups	Downie AW, Meiklejohn G, St Vincent L, Rao AR, Sundara Babu BV, Kempe CH	Bull WHO 1965 33(5):623-5	PMCID: PMC2475872
1965	Smallpox vaccination: ABO and Rhesus blood groups	Bourke GJ, Clarke N, Thornton EH	J Med Genet 1965 2(2):122-5	DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2.2.122 PMCID: PMC1012846
1965	Haemorrhagic smallpox. 2. Specific bleeding and coagulation studies	McKenzie PJ, Githens JH, Harwood ME, Roberts JF, Rao AR, Kempe CH	Bull WHO 1965 33(6):773-82	PMCID: PMC2475906
1966	ABO blood groups in active cases of smallpox	Sukumaran PK, Master HR, Undevia JV, Balakrishnan V, Sanghvi LD	Indian J Med Sci 1966 20(2):119-22
1966	ABO blood groups and smallpox in a rural population of West Bengal and Bihar (India)	Vogel F, Chakravartti MR	Humangenetik 1966 3(2):166-80	DOI:10.1007/BF00291297
1966	Comparative study of haemagglutination-inhibiting-antibody and neutralising antibody in sera of cases of smallpox	Sarkar JK, Chatterjee SN, Mitra AC, Mandal A	Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1966 14(1):4-5
1965	Haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titre in mild and severe cases of smallpox	Sarkar JK, Chatterjee SN, Mitra AC, Chakravarty SK, Mondal A	Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1965 13:20-1
1966	Severity of smallpox and virulence of causative virus strains	Sarkar JK, Mitra AC	Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1966 14(2):36-7
1967	Antibody response in haemorrhagic smallpox	Sarkar JK, Chatterjee SN, Mitra AC, Mondal A	Indian J Med Res 1967 55(11):1143-9	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1967	Hemorrhagic smallpox. A study of 22 cases to determine the cause of bleeding	Mehta BC, Doctor RG, Purandare NM, Patel JC	Indian J Med Sci 1967 21(8):518-23
1968	The effect of measles infection and of vaccination with certain live vaccines upon humoral immunity to smallpox	Marennikova SS, Askerov VF	Bull WHO 1968 39(2):299-306	PMCID: PMC2554548
1968	Serum proteins and antibody studies in smallpox	Sarkar JK, Ray S, Mitra AC	Indian J Med Res 1968 56(4):386-94	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	Immunological studies in smallpox	Seal SC, Roy DK	Indian J Med Res 1968 56(4):467-93	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	[Smallpox and ABO blood groups in the Congo]. French	Lambotte C	Bull WHO 1968 38(2):321-2	PMCID: PMC2554317
1969	Haemorrhagic smallpox	Downie AW, Fedson DS, Saint Vincent L, Rao AR, Kempe CH	J Hyg (Lond) 1969 67(4):619-29	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400042078 PMCID: PMC2130761
1969	Relation between the neutralizing and haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in smallpox	Sarkar JK, Chatterjee SN, Mitra AC, Mondal A	Indian J Med Res 1969 57(1):8-12	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Antibody response following smallpox vaccination and revaccination	Downie AW, Saint Vincent L, Rao AR, Kempe CH	J Hyg (Lond) 1969 67(4):603-8	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400042054 PMCID: PMC2130769
1969	Antibody response in non-haemorrhagic smallpox patients	Downie AW, Saint Vincent L, Goldstein L, Rao AR, Kempe CH	J Hyg (Lond) 1969 67(4):609-18	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400042066 PMCID: PMC2130763
1969	Smallpox and the ABO system in Southern Brazil	Krieger H, Vicente AT	Hum Hered 1969 19(6):654-7	DOI: 10.1159/000152279
1969	Comparative studies on the properties of variola virus strains. I. Characteristics of chorioallantoic membrane lesions and pathogenicity for chick embryos after different methods of inoculation	Marennikova SS, Shafikova RA	Acta Virol 1969 13(6):538-43
1969	[A study of skin test response and serological indices in those revaccinated with smallpox vaccine]. Russian	Svet-Moldavskaia IA, Marennikova SS, Ogorodnikova ZI, Knezel' NG, Akatova-Shelukhina EM	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 46(5):57-61
1970	[Effect of incubation temperature on the development of specific lesions caused by smallpox virus]. Russian	Marennikova SS, Shafikova RA	Vopr Virusol 1970 15(2):239-40
1970	[Characteristics of strains of smallpox virus isolated from various forms of the disease]. Russian	Shafikova RA, Marennikova SS	Vopr Virusol 1970 15(6):699-702
1971	A study of intrafamilial transmission of smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, McCrumb FR Jr	WHO/SE/71.33 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(3):252-68	WHO:10665/67491 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121319
1971	Results of virological examination of smallpox convalescents and contacts	Shelukhina EM, Marennikova SS, Maltseva NN, Matzevich GR, Hashmi AA	WHO/SE/71.31	WHO: 10665/67489
1971	Studies on viability of Variola virus. I. Viability of Variola virus in smallpox material on glass slides, in capillary tubes on filter paper and cotton threads	Rao AR, Sukumar MS, Paramasivam TV, Kamalakshi S, Parasuraman AR, Ramakrishnan MS	Indian J Med Res 1971 59(5):699-704	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Virus excretion in smallpox. 1. Excretion in the throat, urine and conjunctiva of smallpox cases Inter-Country Seminar on Surveillance in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Oct - 2 Nov 1972	Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK, De S, Mazumdar DG	SE/WP/72.11 and Bull WHO 1973 48(5):517-22	WHO: 10665/68089 PMCID: PMC2482928
1972	Infected inanimate objects (fomites) and their role in transmission of smallpox	Rao AR	WHO/SE/72.40	WHO: 10665/67501
1972	A prospective study of serum antibody and protection against smallpox	Mack TM, Noble J, Jr., Thomas DB	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972 21(2):214-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.214;
1972	Relationship of clinical severity, antibody level, and previous vaccination state in smallpox	Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Chakravarty MS	Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972 66(5):789-792	DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(72)90095-8;
1973	Serial isolation of variola virus in the throat of household contacts of smallpox cases	Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK	Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1973 21(2):21-2
1973	Virus excretion in smallpox. 2. Excretion in the throats of household contacts	Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK, De SK	Bull WHO 1973 48(5):523-7	PMCID: PMC2482939
1973	Role of mosquitoes in the spread of smallpox	Sarkar JK, Hati AK, Mitra AC	J Infect Dis 1973 128(6):781-3	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/128.6.781;
1974	Virus content of smallpox scabs	Mitra AC, Sarkar JK, Mukherjee MK	WHO/SE/74.70 and Bull WHO 1974 51(1):106-7	WHO:10665/67644 PMCID: PMC2366245
1974	Duration of virus excretion in the throat of asymptomatic household contacts of smallpox patients	Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK	Indian J Med Res 1974 62(12):1800-3	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	The minimum protective level of antibodies in smallpox	Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK	Bull WHO 1975 52(3):307-11	PMCID: PMC2366379
1975	Epidemiological implications of the typing of variola isolates	Dumbell KR, Huq F	WHO/SE/75.74 and Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1975 69(3):303-8	WHO: 10665/68174 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(75)90123-6
1976	Viability of variola virus in crusts at different temperatures and humidities	Huq F	WHO/SE/77.93 and Bull WHO 1976 54(6):710-2	WHO:10665/68214 PMCID: PMC2366597
1977	Virological studies of smallpox in an endemic area. II. Virus content of clinical specimens and typing of virus isolates	Kitamura T, Aoyama Y, Kurata T, Arita M, Imagawa Y	Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1977 30(5):229-39	DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.30.229
1979	Smallpox and the ABO system association: A critical review	Krieger H, Barbosa CA	Rev Bras Biol 1979 39(1):195-9

Therapy and Prophylaxis

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1945	Three cases of haemorrhagic smallpox with recovery	Sen Gupta KC	Ind Med Gaz 1945 80(12):623	PMCID: PMC5218089
1961	The use of vaccinia hyperimmune gamma-globulin in the prophylaxis of smallpox	Kempe CH, Bowles C, Meiklejohn G, Berge TO, ST Vincent L, Sundara Babu BV, Govindarajan S, Ratnakannan NR, Downie AW, Murthy VR	Bull WHO 1961 25(1):41-48	PMCID: PMC2555541
1962	The chemotherapy of variola major infection	Bauer DJ, Dumbell KR, Foxhulme P, Sadler PW	Bull WHO 1962 26(6):727-32	PMCID: PMC2555745
1962	The use of hyperimmune antivaccinia gammaglobulin for the prevention and treatment of smallpox	Marennikova SS	Bull WHO 1962 27(3):325-30	PMCID: PMC2555760
1964	Expert Committee on Smallpox. Geneva, Switzerland, 14-20 Jan 1964
	– Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy	Downie AW, Kempe CH	Smallpox/WP/3	WHO: 10665/67692
	– The use of vaccinia hyperimmune gamma-globulin in the prophylaxis of smallpox	Kempe CH	Smallpox/WP/4	WHO: 10665/67693
	– Hyperimmune antivaccinia gamma globulin from animal sera	Marennikova SS, Akatova-Shelukhina EM, Maltseva NN, Ghenkina PB, VN Milushkin, Miniovich FL	Smallpox/WP/24	WHO: 10665/67678
1965	[The current status of smallpox prophylaxis]. Russian	Marennikova SS, Solov'ev VD	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 42(9):15-21
1965	Chemoprophylaxis of smallpox and treatment of vaccinia gangrenosa with 1-methylisatin 3-thiosemicarbazone	Bauer DJ	Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1965 5:544-7
1966	An isothiazole thiosemicarbazone in the treatment of variola major in man. A controlled clinical trial and laboratory investigations	Rao AR, McFadzean JA, Kamalakshi K	Lancet 1966 287(7446): 1068-72
1966	Assessment of an isothiazole thiosemicarbazone in the prophylaxis of contacts of variola major	Rao AR, McKendrick GD, Velayudhan L, Kamalakshi K	Lancet 1966 287(7446): 1072-4
1966	[Experimental basis for smallpox chemoprophylaxis]. Russian	Marennikova SS, Kaptsova TI, Kraft MIa, Borodina GM	Biull Eksp Biol Med 1966 61(6):68-71
1967	On the prophylactic activity on N-methyl isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone against smallpox infection	Kaptsova TI, Marennikova SS	Acta Virol 1967 11(6):554-6
1967	[Current aspects and considerations on the prophylactic protection against the introduction of smallpox cases into countries free from the disease]. Italian	Giannico L	Ann Sanita Pubblica 1967 28(6):1433-80
1967	[Testing of disinfectants for virucidal power against viruses of the smallpox-vaccinia group]. German	Pöhn HP, Heicken K	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1967 202(2):172-83
1968	[Chemoprophylactic approach to smallpox control] Spanish	Bauer DJ	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1968 64(2):137-47	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/12758
1968	Clinical assessment of an isothizole thiosemicarbazone against smallpox	Sharma R	J Indian Med Assoc 1968 51(12):610-2
1968	[Resistance of viruses of the subgroup smallpox-vaccinia to treatments primarily damaging the protein coat of the nucleic component of the virus]. Russian	Sitnikov BS, Gendom IuZ	Vopr Virusol 1968 13(5):554-60
1968	[Resistance of viruses of the subgroup smallpox-vaccinia to treatments primarily damaging the protein coat of the nucleic component of the virus]. Russian	Sitnikov BS, Gendom IuZ	Vopr Virusol 1968 13(5):554-60
1969	Prophylaxis of smallpox with methisazone	Bauer DJ, St Vincent L, Kempe CH, Young PA, Downie AW	Am J Epidemiol 1969 90(2):130-45
1969	Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in variola major. I. An assessment of CG 662 and Marboran in prophylaxis of contacts of variola major	Rao AR, Jacobs ES, Kamalakshi S, Bradbury, Swamy A	Indian J Med Res 1969 57(3): 477-83
1969	Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in variola major. II. Therapeutic assessment of CG 662 and Marboran in treatment of variola major in man	Rao AR, Jacobs ES, Kamalakshi S, Bradbury, Swamy A	Indian J Med Res 1969 57(3): 484-94
1969	6-Azauridine in smallpox	Jaffari SM, Hussain A	Indian J Med Res 1969 57(5):809-14	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	[Methisazone (Marboran) in the prevention of smallpox and in the treatment of the complications of smallpox vaccination. Review]. Italian	Bianchini C	Arch Ital Sci Med Trop Parassitol 1969 50(1):29-38
1971	Field trials of methisazone as a prophylactic agent against smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Russell PK, Hasse AT, Ahmad N, Mohammed N, Thomas DB, Mack TM, Khan MM, Knatterud GL, Anthony RL, McCrumb FR Jr	WHO/SE/71.29 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(5):435-449	WHO: 10665/67487 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121340
1971	[New method of obtaining and clinical use of human anti-smallpox gamma globulin of directed action]. Russian	Papko GF	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1971 48(2):66-70
1972	Treatment of smallpox with cytosine arabinoside	Hossain MS, Foerster J, Hryniuk W, Israels LG, Chowdhury AS, Biswas MK	Lancet 1972 300(7789):1230-2
1972	[Prevention and treatment of smallpox and post-vaccinal complications with metizazone and preparation MB 7714 (review of the literature)]. Russian	Nikolaevskiĭ GP	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1972 49(9):39-41
1974	Failure of cytosine arabinoside in treating smallpox. A double-blind study	Dennis DT, Doberstyn EB, Awoke S, Royer GL Jr, Renis HE	Lancet 1974 304(7877):377-9
1975	[Vaccinoprophylaxis of smallpox under present conditions]. Russian	Marennikova SS	Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR 1975 4:33-7
1976	[Chemical agents for treatment of and emergency protection against smallpox]. Russian	Ladnyi ID, Ogorodnikova ZI, Davydov SU	Vopr Virusol 1976 1:4-12
1979	Smallpox: Clinical types, causes of death, and treatment	Koplan JP, Foster SO	J Infect Dis 1979 140(3):440-1
1980	[Active immunoprophylaxis of smallpox (current prospects)]. Romanian	Ciufecu C	Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol 1980 25(2):73-9

Documents: Smallpox: The Disease

Clinical Features and Epidemiology

Laboratory Diagnosis

Laboratory Research

Therapy and Prophylaxis