| Country | Last endemic case | Importations during SEP | Country | Last endemic case | Importations during SEP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 1966 | 1967, 1970 | Guyana | 1951 | None |
| Bolivia | 1960 | None | Paraguay | 1960 | None |
| Brazil | 1971 | None post-1971 | Peru | 1966 | None |
| Chile | 1954 | None | Suriname | 1920 | None |
| Colombia | 1965 | None | Uruguay | 1957 | 1968, 1969 |
| Ecuador | 1963 | None | Venezuela | 1956 | None |
| French Guiana | 1904 | 1968 |
South America was certified as smallpox-free by an International Commission on 25 Aug 1973 (PAHO/CD.22/19).
WHO's Regional Office for the Americas was established in 1949, and is run by the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB), the executive arm of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Unlike other WHO Regional Offices, PAHO is a fully autonomous organization that acts for WHO.
Dr Fred L. Soper, Director of the PASB, strongly supported the concept of eradication, and a program for smallpox eradication in the Americas began in 1950. By 1959, smallpox transmission had been interrupted in all but 5 countries. Four of these (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador) interrupted transmission by 1966.
Thus Brazil was the only South American country with endemic smallpox at the beginning of the SEP. However, it shared a border with all but 2 countries in the region and had large remote areas in the Amazon basin that had few, if any, health services.
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1958 | Smallpox vaccination in Latin America | WHO Chron 1958 12:3-7 | PAHO | |
| 1967 | Resolution: Recommitment to smallpox eradication PAHO 17th Directing Council, 19th session of the Regional Committee, 2-12 Oct 1967 |
PAHO | CD17.R22 | |
| 1967 | [Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in the Americas]. Spanish | Noble J, Sales Gomes JF, Rodrigues BA, Bica AN | Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1967 2(166-167):531-536 | OPEN |
| 1971 | Smallpox eradication PAHO Directing Council (20th meeting), WHO Regional Committee (23rd meeting, 23 Aug 1971 |
PAHO | CD20/6 | |
| 1971 | Resolution: Compulsory vaccination PAHO 20th Directing Council, 23th session of the Regional Committee, 27 Sep-8 Oct 1971 |
PAHO | CD20.R23 | |
| 1973 | Resolution: Smallpox eradicated from the Americas | CD22.R17 | ||
| 1973 | Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas PAHO 22nd Directing Council, 25th session of the Regional Committee, 8-18 Oct 1973 |
PAHO | CD22/19 | |
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 | ||
| 1975 | [Erradicación de la viruela en las Américas] . Spanish Smallpox eradication in the Americas. English |
Rodrigues BA | Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1975 78(4):358-383 Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1975 9(1):53-68 |
OPEN OPEN |
| 2010 | 30th anniversary of smallpox eradication and establishment of the PAHO Revolving Fund for Vaccine Procurement 146th Session of the Executive Committee, Washington DC, 21-25 Jun 2010 |
PAHO | CE146/INF-5 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 47, 18 Sep 1970 Outbreak: Argentina |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 45(38):397-403 | |
| 1970 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 49, 30 Oct 1970 Outbreak update: Argentina |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 45(44):485-9 | |
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Argentina | SE/WP/71.25 | ||
| 1972 | Report on a survey to determine the status of smallpox and levels of smallpox immunity | Hiriart JJ, da Silveira CM | WHO/SE/72/37 | |
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Bolivia | SE/WP/71.29 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMALLPOX CONTROL BEFORE 1967 | ||||
| 1965 | Studies of smallpox by jet injection in Brazil PAHO, Advisory Committee on Medical Research, 4th Meeting, Washington DC, 14-18 Jun 1965 |
PAHO | RES 4/4 | |
| 1965 | [Smallpox and alastrim, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. Portuguese | Clausell DT | Hospital (Rio J) 1965 68(1):177-181 | |
| 1966 | [Importance of the jet injector (injection without a needle) in mass immunization projects in Brazil: Results with anti-tetanus and anti-smallpox vaccines]. Portuguese | Veronesi R, Gomes LF, Soares MA, Corrêa A | Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med São Paulo 1966 21(2):92-95 | |
| SMALLPOX SURVEILLANCE REPORTS | ||||
| 1968 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 8, 13 Sep 1968 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 43(37):468-472 | |
| 1968 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 13, 22 Nov 1968 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 43(47):599-604 | |
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreak in a city "100% vaccinated" |
Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 44(8):150-8 | |
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 25, 6 Jun 1969 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 44(23):381-7 | |
| 1969 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 33, 7 Nov 1969 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 44(45):613-9 | |
| 1970 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 47, 18 Sep 1970 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 45(38):397-403 | |
| 1970 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 47, 18 Sep 1970 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 45(38):397-403 | |
| 1971 | Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 56, 16 Apr 1971 | Smallpox unit, WHO | WER 46(16):158-60 | |
| SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAMME | ||||
| 1969 | Epidemiologic investigation of a smallpox outbreak in a town reported to be "100 per cent vaccinated " | Morris L, da Silva JO, Martinez AV | SE/72.6 Am J Epidemiol 1970 92(5):294-300 |
|
| 1970 | Epidemiological characteristics of smallpox outbreaks in two small Brazilian villages |
Arnt N, Morris L | WHO/SE/70.22 | |
| 1970 | Smallpox in the municipio of São Paulo, Brazil, 1945-1969: A 25 year review | Morris L, Cappello H, Soares R, Ponce de Leon J, Leser W | WHO/SE/70.23 HSMHA Health Rep 1971 86(1):87-91 |
PDF OPEN |
| 1970 | Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Nov - 5 Dec 1970 | |||
| – Surveillance in the Brazilian smallpox eradication programme, 1970 | de Faria GB, de Carvalho Filho EC, Rodrigues BA, Ponce de Leon J | WHO/SE/71.30:60-70 | ||
| – Investigation of hospital-associated smallpox: Vitoria, Espirito Santo | Morris L, de Lemos AL, da Silva OJ | WHO/SE/71.30:71-8 Am J Public Health Nations Health 1970 60(12):2331-5 |
PDF OPEN |
|
| 1970 | Smallpox eradication in Brazil, 1967-69 | de Carvalho Filho ES, Morris L, de Lemos AL, Ponce de Leon J, Escobar A, da Silva OJ | Bull World Health Organ 1970 43(6):797-807 | OPEN |
| 1970 | [Analysis of specimens for the diagnosis of smallpox in a laboratory of Brazil]. Spanish | Schatzmayr HG, Mesquita JA | Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1970 69(6):500-4 | OPEN |
| 1970 | A clinical and laboratory study of smallpox in Brazil. Accuracy of the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in patients with Brazilian variola minor infection | Noble J Jr, Long GW, Kirchner E, Sesso J | Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970 19(6):1020-8 | |
| 1970 | [Vaccination of Xikrin, Suruí and Gaviao Indians against smallpox]. Portuguese | Vieira Filho JP | AMB Rev Assoc Med Bras 1970 16(10):357-60 | |
| 1971 | Epidemiology of variola minor in Brazil: A study of 33 outbreaks | de Quadros CA, Morris L, da Costa EA, Arnt N, Tigre CH | WHO/SE/71.32 Bull World Health Organ 1972 46(2)165-171 |
PDF OPEN |
| 1971 | [Anti-smallpox vaccination in children under 6 months of age]. Portuguese | Wiehe W | Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 70(3):260-3 | OPEN |
| 1971 | [Epidemiological study of smallpox cases in Mostardas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. Portuguese | da Silveira CM, Tigre CH, Lima JF | Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 71(2):152-6 | OPEN |
| 1971 | The introduction of jet injection mass vaccination into the national smallpox eradication program of Brazil | Millar JD, Morris L, Macedo Filho A, Mack TM, Dyal W, Medeiros AA | Trop Geogr Med 1971 23(1):89-101 | |
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Brazil and Chile | SE/WP/71.48 | ||
| 1971 | [Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Diseases Hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. I. Evaluation of different direct methods of diagnosis]. Portuguese | Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G | Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 1971 13(4):257-67 | |
| 1972 | [Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Disease Hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. II. Evaluation and interpretation of the serodiagnosis]. Portuguese | Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G | Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 1972 14(2):114-20 | |
| 1972 | Smallpox outbreaks in two Brazilian villages: Epidemiologic characteristics | Arnt N, Morris L | Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(4):363-70 | |
| 1973 | Smallpox eradication campaign: Brazil situation in 1972 | do Amaral C Jr, Ponce de Leon J, Macedo Filho A, de Lemos AL, Varela FG | WHO/SE/73.51 | |
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 | ||
| 1973 | [Viruela hemorragica causada por virus de alastrim: Informe sobre un caso occurrido en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil]. Spanish Hemorrhagic smallpox caused by alastrim virus: Report on a case in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. English |
Tigre CHF, Martinez AV, Fischmann A | Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1973 75(4) 293-296 Bol Oficina Sanit Panam (Engl ed.) 1973 7(3):26-28 |
OPEN OPEN |
| 1973 | A national reporting system in Brazil | de Lemos AL, de Souza OR | WHO/SE/73.52 | |
| 1974 | Smallpox epidemic in a Brazilian community | da Costa EA, Morris L | WHO/SE/74.64 Am J Epidemiol 1975 101(6):552-61 |
|
| 1974 | Variola minor in Bragança, Paulista County, 1956: Space-time interactions among variola minor cases in two elementary schools | Klauber MR, Angulo JJ | Am J Epidemiol 1974 99(1):65-74 | |
| 1974 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Lack of evidence indicating the influence of contaminated classrooms on spread of the disease | Klauber MR, Angulo JJ | J Hyg (Lond) 1974 72(2): 281-8 | OPEN |
| 1975 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Flow of the epidemic through the schools of the county | Pederneiras CA, Angulo JJ, Megale P | Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig B 1975 160(2): 180-90 | |
| 1976 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Overall description of the epidemic and of its study | Angulo JJ | Int J Epidemiol 1976 5(4): 359-66 | |
| 1976 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista county, 1956: Attack rates in various population units of the two schools including most students with the disease | Klauber MR, Angulo JJ | Am J Epidemiol 1976 103(1): 112-25 | |
| 1976 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Plan of the serological study and some general results | De Salles-Gomes LF, Angulo JJ, Magaldi-Jordao FB, França R, Amorosino A | Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1976 69(5): 471-7 | |
| 1976 | Freedom from smallpox. Case histories on four countries where cases were missed for extended periods | Henderson DA | WHO/SE/76.85 | |
| 1977 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista county, 1956: A trend-surface analysis | Angulo JJ, Haggett P, Megale P, Pederneiras AA | Am J Epidemiol 1977 105(3): 272-8 | |
| 1977 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Respiratory manifestations in cases of variola and in household contacts of cases | Angulo JJ, Pederneiras AA, Megale P, Sakuma ME | Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1977 70(3): 282-8 | |
| 1978 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Propagating-rate analysis of the spread of variola minor in two elementary schools | Chelsky M, Angulo JJ | Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(2): 147-53 | |
| 1978 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Distribution of onset of cases in the two schools including most school children with variola | Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA, Sakuma ME, Megale P | Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(3): 252-7 | |
| 1979 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista county, 1956: Observations on the clinical course of variola minor and on pregnancy in women with the disease | Megale P, Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA | Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1979 72(1): 11-20 | |
| 1979 | Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Household aggregation of the disease and the influence of household size on the attack rate | Angulo JJ, Walter SD | J Hyg (Lond) 1979 82(1): 1-6 | OPEN |
| 2007 | Brazilian vaccinia viruses and their origins | Trindade GS, Emerson GL, Carroll DS, Kroon EG, Damon IK | Emerg Infect Dis 2007 13(7):965-972 | |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Brazil and Chile | SE/WP/71.48 | ||
| 1971 | [Evaluación de la vacuna combinada attenuvax-viruela en Chile]. Spanish Evaluation of combined Attenuvax-smallpox vaccine in Chile. English |
Borgoño JM, Greiber R, Heras E, Carrillo B, Solari G, Concha F | Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 70(3):219-25] Bol Oficina Sanit Panam (English ed) 1971 6(1):15-20 |
OPEN OPEN |
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | Annual report of the national anti-smallpox vaccination programme in the Republic of Colombia, 1959 Inter-regional Smallpox Conference. New Delhi, India, 14-19 November 1960 |
WHO/Smallpox/13 | ||
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru | SE/WP/71.27 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru | SE/WP/71.27 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 | ||
| 1976 | [Epidemiological control of smallpox virus in Ecuador]. Spanish | Gutierrez Vera E | Rev Ecuat Hig Med Trop 1976 29:13-24 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru | SE/WP/71.27 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Guyana | SE/WP/71.58 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Paraguay | SE/WP/71.18 | ||
| 1972 | Paraguay: report on a survey to determine the status of smallpox and levels of smallpox immunity | WHO/SE/72/38 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | Report on the smallpox vaccination campaign carried out during the period October 1950 - December 1955 Seminar on Smallpox Vaccination, Lima, Peru, 20-25 August 1956 |
de la Fuente EA | WHO/Smallpox/12 | |
| 1965 | [Smallpox epidemic in Iquitos]. Spanish | López Vasquez J | An Fac Med Lima 1965 48(2):253-76 | |
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru | SE/WP/71.27 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Suriname, Uruguay | SE/WP/71.56 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | WER. Importation. From Brazil | WHO | WER 29 Nov 1968 43(48):617 | |
| 1969 | WER. Importation. From Brazil | WHO | WER 26 Sep 1969 44(39):562 | |
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Suriname and Uruguay | SE/WP/71.56 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |
| Year | Title | Authors | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | An alastrim outbreak in the Gran Sabana (State of Bolivar), Venezuela, 1962 | Halbrohr JG | WHO/SE/70.14 | |
| 1971 | Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Venezuela | SE/WP/71.51 | ||
| 1973 | Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas | PAHO/CD.22.19 |