Target Zero: South America

Summary & Regional Information

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has served as WHO's Regional Office for the Americas since 1949. Unlike other WHO Regional Offices, PAHO is a fully autonomous organization, acting under the directorship of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB), that acts for WHO.

In 1950, Dr Fred L. Soper, as Director of the PASB, strongly supported the concept of eradication, and began a program for the eradication of smallpox eradication from the Americas. By 1959, smallpox transmission had been interrupted in all but 5 countries. Four of these (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador) interrupted transmission by 1966.

Thus Brazil was the only South American country with endemic smallpox at the beginning of WHO's ISEP. However, it shared a border with all but 2 countries in the region and had large remote areas in the Amazon basin that had few, if any, health services.

For more information, see:
Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 12

Summary of Smallpox Status

Country	Last endemic case	Importations during SEP	Country	Last endemic case	Importations during SEP
Argentina	1966	1967, 1970	Guyana	1951	None
Bolivia	1960	None	Paraguay	1960	None
Brazil	1971	None post-1971	Peru	1966	None
Chile	1954	None	Suriname	1920	None
Colombia	1965	None	Uruguay	1957	1968, 1969
Ecuador	1963	None	Venezuela	1956	None
French Guiana	1904	1968

South America was certified as smallpox-free by an International Commission on 25 Aug 1973 (PAHO/CD.22/19).

Regional Information

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
SMALLPOX CONTROL BEFORE 1950
2004	[The real philanthropic expedition of the smallpox vaccine: monarchy and modernity in 1803] Spanish	Rigau-Perez JG	P R Health Sci J 2004 23(3):223-31
1955	Smallpox eradication in the Americas		Bull Oficina Sanit Panam 1955 38(2):170-1	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/14368
1958	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	Pan American Sanitary Conf/WHO Regional Committee meeting. San Juan PR, Sep-Oct 1958	CSP15/17	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/29157 PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/47076
1958	Smallpox vaccination in Latin America		WHO Chron 1958 12:3-7
1959	Status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Regional Committee. Washington DC, Sep 1959	CD11/14	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/25986
1960	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Havana, Cuba, Aug 1960	CD12/8	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/5304
1961	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Oct 1961	CD13/18	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/5393
1962	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	Pan American Sanitary Conf/WHO Regional Committee Meeting. Minneapolis MN, Aug-Sep 1962	CSP16/11	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/46996 PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/29314
1964	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Mexico DF, Aug-Sep 1964	CD15/22	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/5489
1965	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1965	CD16/29	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/26162
1966	Estimated requirements for smallpox eradication in the Americas; estimate of the kind and amount of international assistance required for the smallpox eradication program in the Americas	Exec Comm of the PAHO Directing Council/Working Party of the WHO Regional Comm. Washington DC, Apr 1966	CE54/3	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/23313
1966	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	Pan American Sanitary Conf/WHO Regional Committee meeting. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1966	CSP17/20 Rev.1	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/29490 PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/46895
1967	Status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Oct 1967	CD17/11	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/5754
1967	Resolution: Recommitment to smallpox eradication	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Oct 1967	CD17.R22
1968	Notes on smallpox vaccine production methods in South American laboratories WHO Travelling Seminar on Vaccine Production, 19-30 Mar 1968	Fenje P	WP/31
1967	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in the Americas] Spanish	Noble J, Sales Gomes JF, Rodrigues BA, Bica AN	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1967 2(166-167):531-6	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/14521
1970	Smallpox eradication	Pan American Sanitary Conf/WHO Regional Committee Meeting. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1970	CSP18/9
1971	Smallpox eradication	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1971	CD20/6	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/5875
1971	Resolution: Compulsory vaccination	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1971	CD20.R23
1973	Resolution: Smallpox eradicated from the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Oct 1973	CD22.R17
1973	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas PAHO 22nd Directing Council, 25th session of the Regional Committee, 8-18 Oct 1973	PAHO	CD22/19
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19
1974	[The cost of vaccination programs] [Spanish	Rodrigues BA, Huerta R	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1974 76(2):125-34	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/10796
1975	[Smallpox eradication in the Americas] Spanish	Rodrigues BA	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1975 78(4):358-83	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/17606
1980	Smallpox eradication		PAHO Epidemiol Bull 1980 1(4):4-5	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/38396
1993	Disease eradication and control in the Americas	de Quadros CA, Henderson DA	Biologicals 1993 21(4):335-43	DOI: 10.1006/biol.1993.1093
2010	30th anniversary of smallpox eradication and establishment of the PAHO Revolving Fund for Vaccine Procurement 146th Session of the Executive Committee, Washington DC, 21-25 Jun 2010	PAHO	CE146/INF-5

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1945	[Smallpox epidemic in Jujuy]. Spanish	Manso Soto A	Bol Biol 1945 Jun:211-9
2011	[Marked on the skin: vaccination and smallpox in Argentina (1870-1910)]	Di Liscia MS	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):409-22	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200005

WHO INTENSIFIED SMALLPOX ERADICATION
2005	Characterization of a vaccinia virus strain used to produce smallpox vaccine in Argentina between 1937 and 1970	Lewis A, Bok K, Perez O, DeFillippo J, Paolazzi C, Gomez JA	Arch Virol 2005 150(7):1485-91	DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0498-9
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 47, 18 Sep 1970 Outbreak: Argentina. Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(38):397-403	WHO: 10665/217914 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 49, 30 Oct 1970 Outbreak update: Argentina	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(44):485-9	WHO: 10665/217944 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Argentina		SE/WP/71.25
1972	Report on a survey to determine the status of smallpox and levels of smallpox immunity	Hiriart JJ, da Silveira CM	WHO/SE/72.37	WHO: 10665/67498
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
OF SPECIAL INTEREST
2010	Smallpox eradication and Brazil: an interview with Donald A. Henderson	Hochman G, Palmer S	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2010 17(3):759-75	DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702010000300011
2010	Smallpox eradication, laboratory visits, and a touch of tourism: travel notes of a Canadian scientist in Brazil	Palmer S, Hochman G, Arbex D	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2010 17(3):777-90	DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702010000300012
2007	Brazilian vaccinia viruses and their origins	Trindade GS, Emerson GL, Carroll DS, Kroon EG, Damon IK	Emerg Infect Dis 2007 13(7):965-972	DOI: 10.3201/eid1307.061404 PMCID: PMC2878226
2015	Genomic analysis, phenotype, and virulence of the historical brazilian smallpox vaccine strain IOC: implications for the origins and evolutionary relationships of vaccinia virus	Medaglia ML, Moussatche N, Nitsche A, Dabrowski PW, Li Y, Damon IK, Lucas CG, Arruda LB, Damaso CR	J Virol 2015 89(23):11909-25	DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01833-15 PMCID: PMC4645304
2000	An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro State: Cantagalo virus may derive from Brazilian smallpox vaccine	Damaso CR, Esposito JJ, Condit RC, Moussatche N	Virology 2000 277(2):439-49	DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0603
2011	Human and animal infections by vaccinia-like viruses in the state of Rio de Janeiro: a novel expanding zoonosis	Schatzmayr HG, Costa RV, Goncalves MC, D'Andrea PS, Barth OM	Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D65-9	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.105

HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
2003	[Smallpox immunization in 19th century Brazil: inoculation, variolization, vaccine, and revaccination] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Fernandes TM	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2003 10(Suppl 2):461-74	URL: scielo.br/j/hcsm/i/2003.v10suppl2/
2003	[The beginnings of the smallpox vaccine in Sao Paulo: a little known story] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Teixeira LA, Almeida M	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2003 10(Suppl 2):475-98	URL: scielo.br/j/hcsm/i/2003.v10suppl2/
2004	[Smallpox vaccine: views of the Academy of Medicine in imperial Brazil] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Fernandes TM	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2004 11 Suppl 1:141-63	DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702004000400008
2009	Priority, invisibility and eradication: the history of smallpox and the Brazilian public health agenda	Hochman G	Med Hist 2009 53(2):229-52	DOI: 10.1017/s002572730000020x PMCID: PMC2668879
2011	[About smallpox and vaccination practices in Minas Gerais (Brazil) in the 19th century] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Silveira AJ, Marques Rde C	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):387-96	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200003
2011	[Vaccination, smallpox, and a culture of immunization in Brazil] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Hochman G	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):375-86	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200002
2011	[Smallpox in Sao Paulo (SP, Brazil): history of admissions at the Institute of Infectious Diseases Emilio Ribas between 1898 and 1970] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Ribeiro AF, Pascalicchio FV, da Silva PA, Opromolla PA	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):423-32	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200006
2011	[Smallpox and vaccine in Brazil in the 20th century: institutionalization of health education] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Fernandes TM, Chagas DC, de Souza EM	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):479-789	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200011
2013	[The smallpox epidemic and fear of the vaccine in Goias] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Oliveira EC	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2013 20(3):939-62	DOI: 10.1590/S0104-597020130003000011
2016	[Workers with signs of smallpox in the collection of Regional Office of Labor, Rio Grande do Sul, 1933-1944] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Lopes AE	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2016 23(4):1209-27	DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702016000400009
2019	[Between vaccines, diseases, and resistances: the impacts of a smallpox epidemic in nineteenth-century Porto Alegre] Portuguese, Engl abstract	Kuhn F, Brizola JH	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2019 26(2):537-54	DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702019000200010

SMALLPOX ERADICATION 1950-1967
1953	[Bovine variola (cowpox) in the state of Sao Paulo and its transmission to humans] Portuguese	Vellini LL	Hospital (Rio J) 1953 44(2):247-52
1958	[Evaluation of the routine of the antivariolic vaccination service of the Centro de Aprendizado of the Faculdade de Higiene e Saude Publica by means of a sample inquiry] Portuguese	Barbosa V, Berquo ES	Arq Fac Hig Saude Publica Univ Sao Paulo 1958 12:141-53
1963	Alastrim in Brazil	Downie AW, Dumbell KR, Ayroza Galvao PO, Zatz I	Trop Geogr Med 1963 15:25-8,
1964	Smallpox and the ABO blood groups in Brazil	Azevedo E, Krieger H, Morton NE	Am J Hum Genet 1964 16(4):451-4	DOI: PMC1932318
1965	[Smallpox and alastrim, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil] Portuguese	Clausell DT	Hospital (Rio J) 1965 68(1):177-81
1965	Studies on smallpox vaccination by jet injection in Brazil	Pan American Health Organization, Advisory Committee on Medical Research	RES 4/4 1965	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/47592
1966	[Importance of the jet injector (injection without a needle) in mass immunization projects in Brazil: Results with anti-tetanus and anti-smallpox vaccines] Portuguese	Veronesi R, Gomes LF, Soares MA, Corrêa A	Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1966 21(2):92-5

WHO INTENSIFIED SMALLPOX ERADICATION 1967-1973
SMALLPOX SURVEILLANCE REPORTS
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 8, 13 Sep 1968 Brazil. Importation: Belgium	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(37):468-72	WHO: 10665/216790 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 13, 22 Nov 1968 Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(47):599-604	WHO: 10665/16911 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreaks in non-endemic countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Sudan, South Africa. Brazil: Outbreak in a city 100% vaccinated	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(8):150-8	WHO: 10665/217064 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 25, 6 Jun 1969 Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(23):381-7	WHO: 10665/217254 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 33, 7 Nov 1969 Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(45):613-9	WHO: 10665/217469 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 47, 18 Sep 1970 Outbreak: Argentina. Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(38):397-403	WHO: 10665/217914 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 56, 16 Apr 1971 Kenya. Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(16):158-60	WHO: 10665/218277 DAH: Chesney Med Arch

ERADICATION PROGRAMME
1969	[Evaluation in the smallpox eradication campaign] Portuguese	de Lemos AL, Morris L	Revista Brasileira de Estatistica 1969 42:221-38
1969	Smallpox and the ABO system in Southern Brazil	Krieger H, Vicente AT	Hum Hered 1969 19(6):654-7	DOI: 10.1159/000152279
1972	Epidemiological investigation of a smallpox outbreak in a city reported to be 100% vaccinated	Morris L, Martinez AV, da Silva JO	SE/72.6 and Am J Epidemiol 1970 92(5):294-300 [See also Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 18, Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 21 Feb 44(8):153-9]	WHO: 10665/68036 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121210
1970	Epidemiological characteristics of smallpox outbreaks in two small Brazilian villages	Arnt N, Morris L	WHO/SE/70.22	WHO: 10665/67480
1970	Smallpox in the Municipio of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1945-1969: A 25 year review	Morris L, Cappello H, Soares R, Ponce de Leon J, Leser W	WHO/SE/70.23 and HSMHA Health Rep 1971 86(1):87-91	WHO: 10665/67481 PMCID: PMC1937055
1970	Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Nov - 5 Dec 1970
	– Surveillance in the Brazilian smallpox eradication programme, 1970	de Faria GB, de Carvalho Filho EC, Rodrigues BA, Ponce de Leon J	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 60-70	WHO: 10665/67488
	– Investigation of hospital-associated smallpox: Vitoria, Espirito Santo	Morris L, de Lemos AL, da Silva OJ	WHO/SE/71.30:71-8 and Am J Public Health 1970 60(12):2331-5 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.23]	WHO: 10665/67488 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.60.12.2331 PMCID: PMC1349294
1970	Smallpox eradication in Brazil, 1967-69	de Carvalho Filho ES, Morris L, de Lemos AL, Ponce de Leon J, Escobar A, da Silva OJ	Bull World Health Organ 1970 43(6):797-807	PMCID: PMC2427806
1970	A clinical and laboratory study of smallpox in Brazil. Accuracy of the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in patients with Brazilian variola minor infection	Noble J Jr, Long GW, Kirchner E, Sesso J	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970 19(6):1020-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.1020
1970	[Analysis of specimens for the diagnosis of smallpox in a laboratory of Brazil] Spanish	Schatzmayr HG, Mesquita JA	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1970 69(6):500-4	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/11589
1970	[Vaccination of Xikrin, Suruí and Gaviao Indians against smallpox]. Portuguese	Vieira Filho JP	AMB Rev Assoc Med Bras 1970 16(10):357-60
1971	Epidemiology of variola minor in Brazil based on a study of 33 outbreaks	de Quadros CC, Morris L, Da Costa EA, Arnt N, Tigre CH	WHO/SE/71.32 and Bull WHO 1972 46(2)165-71	WHO: 10665/67490 PMCID: PMC2480711
1971	[Anti-smallpox vaccination in children under 6 months of age] Portuguese	Wiehe W	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 70(3):260-3	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/15247
1971	[Epidemiological study of smallpox cases in Mostardas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil] Portuguese	da Silveira CM, Tigre CH, Lima JF	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 71(2):152-6	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/10974
1971	[Smallpox at the Canarama fair] Portuguese	de Azerado Costa E, Ribeiro J, Morris L	Gazeta medica da Bahia 1971 71:1-6
1971	The introduction of jet injection mass vaccination into the national smallpox eradication program of Brazil	Millar JD, Morris L, Macedo Filho A, Mack TM, Dyal W, Medeiros AA	Trop Geogr Med 1971 23(1):89-101
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Brazil and Chile		SE/WP/71.48
1971	[Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Diseases Hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. I. Evaluation of different direct methods of diagnosis]. Portuguese	Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G	Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 1971 13(4):257-67
1972	[Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Disease Hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. II. Evaluation and interpretation of the serodiagnosis]. Portuguese	Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G	Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 1972 14(2):114-20
1972	Smallpox outbreaks in two Brazilian villages: epidemiologic characteristics	Arnt N, Morris L	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(4):363-370	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121405
1973	Smallpox eradication campaign: Brazil situation in 1972	do Amaral C, Jr, Ponce de Leon J, Macedo Filho A, de Lemos AL, Varela FG	WHO/SE/73.51	WHO: 10665/67521
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19
1973	[Viruela hemorragica causada por virus de alastrim: Informe sobre un caso occurrido en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil] Spanish and Hemorrhagic smallpox caused by alastrim virus: Report on a case in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	Tigre CHF, Martinez AV, Fischmann A	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1973 75(4) 293-296 Bol Oficina Sanit Panam (Engl ed.) 1973 7(3):26-28	PAHO:iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/18042 (Sp) PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/11776 (Eng)
1973	A national reporting system in Brazil	de Lemos AL, de Souza OR	WHO/SE/73.52	WHO: 10665/67523
1974	Smallpox epidemic in a Brazilian community	da Costa EA, Morris L	WHO/SE/74.64 and Am J Epidemiol 1975 101(6):552-61	WHO: 10665/67631 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112126
1976	Freedom from smallpox. Case histories on four countries where cases were missed for extended periods [and corrigendum]	Henderson DA	WHO/SE/76.85 Corr. 1	WHO: 10665/70473

INVESTIGATION OF VARIOLA MINOR IN BRAGANÇA PAULISTA COUNTY, 1956
1967	Spread of variola minor in households	Angulo JJ, Rodrigues-da-silva G, Rabello SI	Am J Epidemiol 1967 86(3):479-87	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120758
1976	--. Overall description of the epidemic and of its study	Angulo JJ	Int J Epidemiol 1976 5(4):359-66	DOI: 10.1093/ije/5.4.359
1976	--. Plan of the serological study and some general results	de Salles-Gomes LF, Angulo JJ, Magaldi-Jordao FB, França R, Amorosino A	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1976 69(5):471-7
1974	--. Space-time interactions among variola minor cases in two elementary schools	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	Am J Epidemiol 1974 99(1):65-74	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121587
1974	--. Lack of evidence indicating the influence of contaminated classrooms on spread of the disease	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	J Hyg (Lond) 1974 72(2):281-8	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400023494 PMCID: PMC2130518
1975	--. Flow of the epidemic through the schools of the county	Pederneiras CA, Angulo JJ, Megale P	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig B 1975 160(2):180-90
1978	--. Distribution of onset of cases in the two schools including most school children with variola	Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA, Sakuma ME, Megale P	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(3):252-7
1976	--. Attack rates in various population units of the two schools including most students with the disease	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	Am J Epidemiol 1976 103(1):112-25	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112199
1977	--. Respiratory manifestations in cases of variola and in household contacts of cases	Angulo JJ, Pederneiras AA, Megale P, Sakuma ME	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1977 70(3):282-8
1979	--. Observations on the clinical course of variola minor and on pregnancy in women with the disease	Megale P, Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1979 72(1):11-20
1979	--. Household aggregation of the disease and the influence of household size on the attack rate	Angulo JJ, Walter SD	J Hyg (Lond) 1979 82(1):1-6	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400025407 PMCID: PMC2130117
1977	--. A trend-surface analysis	Angulo JJ, Haggett P, Megale P, Pederneiras AA	Am J Epidemiol 1977 105(3):272-8	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112383
1978	--. Propagating-rate analysis of the spread of variola minor in two elementary schools	Chelsky M, Angulo JJ	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(2):147-53

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1979	[The description of his smallpox by the Abbe Molina (1761) (author's transl)] Spanish	Costa-Casareto C	Rev Med Chil 1979 107(12):1141-51

SMALLPOX ERADICATION
1950	[Neurological complications of smallpox vaccination in Santiago, Chile] Spanish	Uiberall E	Rev Med Chil 1950 78(9):588-94
1971	Evaluation of combined Attenuvax-smallpox vaccine in Chile and [Evaluación de la vacuna combinada attenuvax-viruela en Chile] Spanish	Borgoño JM, Greiber R, Heras E, Carrillo B, Solari G, Concha F	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam (English ed) 1971 6(1):15-20 Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 70(3):219-25	PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/12309 (Eng) PAHO: iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/15253 (Sp)
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Brazil and Chile		SE/WP/71.48
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19

Year	Title	Authors	Source
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1949	A smallpox epidemic in the Galapagos Islands	Randel HW	Bull U S Army Med Dep 1949 9(3):261-3

SMALLPOX ERADICATION
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru		SE/WP/71.27
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19
1976	[Epidemiological control of smallpox virus in Ecuador] Spanish	Gutierrez Vera E	Rev Ecuat Hig Med Trop 1976 29:13-24

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1953	[Smallpox (alastrim) in Paraguay; control of the 1947 epidemic in comparison with typhoid fever, tetanus and diphtheria] Spanish	Lagoa FR	Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1953 51:741-50; English translation 51-2

SMALLPOX ERADICATION
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Paraguay		SE/WP/71.18
1972	Paraguay: report on a survey to determine the status of smallpox and levels of smallpox immunity	--	WHO/SE/72.38	WHO: 10665/67499
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19

Year	Title	Authors	Source
1964	[Planning an intensive smallpox vaccination in Bolivia] German	Cohn E	Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1964 58:238-9
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Bolivia		SE/WP/71.29
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1960	Annual report of the national anti-smallpox vaccination programme in the Republic of Colombia, 1959 Inter-regional Smallpox Conference. New Delhi, India, 14-19 November 1960		WHO/Smallpox/13	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1967	[Study of an outbreak of vaccinia in dairy cattle of their milkers]	Gomez Pando V, Hernan Lopez J, Restrepo A, Forero P	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1967 63(2):111-21
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru		SE/WP/71.27
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Guyana		SE/WP/71.58
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1951	[Introduction of vaccination in Peru] Spanish	Lastres JB	An Fac Med Lima 1951 34(3):285-312
1955	The treatment of smallpox in Peru in 1589	Clark CU	J Hist Med Allied Sci 1955 10(3):327-31

SMALLPOX ERADICATION
1957	[Desiccated smallpox vaccine in Peru] Spanish	Sousa Iglesias A	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1957 Feb 42(2):126-31	WHO: 10665.2/14955
1960	Report on the smallpox vaccination campaign carried out during the period October 1950 - December 1955 Seminar on Smallpox Vaccination, Lima, Peru, 20-25 August 1956	de la Fuente EA	WHO/Smallpox/12	WHO: 10665/67146
1965	[Smallpox epidemic in Iquitos] Spanish	López Vasquez J	An Fac Med Lima 1965 48(2):253-76
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru		SE/WP/71.27
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Suriname, Uruguay		SE/WP/71.56
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1968	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: America. Uruguay. Secondary case to importation from Brazil	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 Nov 29 43(48):617	WHO: 10665/216924
1969	WER. Imported case of smallpox in Uruguay. Uruguay. Importation from Brazil	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 Sep 26 44(39):562	WHO: 10665/217401
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Suriname and Uruguay		SE/WP/71.56
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1952	[Program of smallpox vaccination in Venezuela] Spanish	Gonzalez CL	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1952 Aug 33(2):135
1965	[Some informative data on immunization activities in Venezuela]	Osuna A	Rev Venez Sanid Asist Soc 1965 30(4):455-61
1970	An alastrim outbreak in the Gran Sabana (State of Bolivar), Venezuela, 1962	Halbrohr JG	WHO/SE/70.14	WHO: 10665/67471
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Venezuela		SE/WP/71.51
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		PAHO/CD.22.19
1980	Accidental smallpox vaccination in Venezuela		PAHO Epidemiol Bull 1980 1(5):5-7	PAHO: 10665.2/38419

By WHO Region | South America

Summary & Regional Information

Summary of Smallpox Status

Regional Information

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guyana

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela