Target Zero: Africa — Western & Central

Summary and Regional Information

CDC (then the Communicable Disease Center) conducted smallpox eradication/measles control programs funded by USAID in all of the countries listed except Equatorial Guinea.

For more information on the origin of the CDC/USAID West Africa program, see Smallpox and its Eradication, chapter 17.

The US Communicable Disease Center (CDC, now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) conducted a smallpox eradication/measles control program in Western and Central Africa. It began late in 1966, concluding in 1972, and was funded by the US Agency for International Development. The program was coordinated with WHO’s eradication programme through its Regional Office for Africa (AFRO).

Additional information:

Smallpox and Its Eradication, Chapter 17

Country	Last endemic case	Importations during SEP	Country	Last endemic case	Importations during SEP
Benin (Dahomey)*	1969	None post-1969	Guinea	1968	None post-1968
Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)**	1968	None post-1958	Guinea-Bissau	1957	None
Cameroon	1968	1969	Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)	1966	1967
Central African Republic	1963	None	Liberia	1968	None post-1968
Chad	1965	1967,1968	Mali	1968	1969
Congo	1965	None	Mauritania	1962	None
Equatorial Guinea	1960	None	Niger	1968	1969
Gabon	1965	None	Nigeria	1970	None post-1970
Gambia	1966	None	Senegal	1963	None
Sierra Leone	1969	None	Togo	1969	None post-1969
Ghana	1967	1968

Benin (Dahomey), Burkina Faso (Upper Volta), Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo were certified as smallpox-free by an International Commission on 15 Apr 1976 (AFR/Smallpox/80).

Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon were certified as smallpox-free by an International Commission on 30 Jun 1977 (AFR/Smallpox/86).

* Dahomey was renamed Benin in 1975.

** Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso in 1984.

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1965-66	Program Development
1965	Memorandum. Tour report: West Africa, 18 Nov - 17 Dec 1965	Gelfand HM	DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1966	Mass preventive medicine: A program for smallpox eradication and measles control throughout West Africa	Gelfand HM, Henderson DA	J Int Health 1966 2(1): 24-33
1966	Project for smallpox eradication and measles control in 19 Countries of West Africa (draft), Jan 21 1966		DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1966	CDC Surveillance Report No. 1: Smallpox, Aug 1 1966	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3039
1966	CDC Smallpox eradication program: Professional staff, Aug 10 1966	Smallpox unit, CDC	DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1966	CDC Surveillance Report No. 2: Smallpox, Sep 1 1966	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3040
1966	CDC Surveillance Report Report No. 3: Smallpox; Yellow fever, Oct 1 1966	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3041
1966	CDC Surveillance Report Report No. 4, Oct 15 1966	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3043
1966	West Africa smallpox eradication/measles control program. Manual of operations, Oct 1966	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: items/show/3049
1966-67	Ped-O-Jet® operation, maintenance, and minor repair guide. Model POJ. 7th draft		CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: items/show/8200
1966	Ped-O-Jet® sterilization of jet injectors, Nov 2 1966 [revised 31 May 1967]	Millar JD	DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1966	Regional smallpox eradication and measles control in Africa (FY 1967 - 1971) [Document for press and public produced at end of 1966]	CDC/USAID	DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1966-67	Program Implementation
1966	Status Report #1. Memo to Chief of CDC, Dec 7 1966	Millar JD, Chief SEP/CDC	DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1966	CDC Surveillance Report Report No. 5: Smallpox; Measles; Leprosy; Population of major cities, Dec 15 1966	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3045
1966	Status Report #2. Memo to Chief of CDC, Dec 16 1966	Millar JD, Chief SEP/CDC	DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1967	Status Report #3. Memo to Chief of CDC, Jan 18 1967	Millar JD, Chief SEP/CDC	DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1967	Memorandum. Status report, Feb 20 1967	George Lythcott	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3016
1967	CDC Surveillance Report No. 6: Smallpox, Mar 17 1967	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3045
1967	Status Report #4. Memo to Chief of CDC, Mar 27 1967	Millar JD, Chief SEP/CDC	DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1967	Regional project office and field monthly report No. 3, Apr 12 1967		DA Henderson personal papers	GHC: 3017
1967	CDC Surveillance Report No. 7: Smallpox: India, Europe, United States, West Africa, Apr 24 1967	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3046
1967	Regional project office and field monthly report No. 4, May 12 1967		CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3018
1967	CDC SEP Report I(1): Introduction. Smallpox surveillance. Eradication notes. Features for next issue, Jun 1967	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3024
1967	CDC Smallpox eradication program: Professional staff, 7 Jul 1967	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3052
1967	CDC SEP Report I(2): Introduction. Smallpox surveillance. Provisional vaccination data. Eradication notes, Sep 1967	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3026
1967	CDC SEP Report I(3): Smallpox surveillance. Provisional data by program area. Eradication notes. Epidemic investigations. Smallpox prevention - Nonendemic areas, Nov 1967	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3027
1968	Program Implementation
1968	WHO Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 3, 5 Jul 1968 Western and Central Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(27):342-3	WHO: 10665/216673 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	CDC SEP Report II(3): Introduction. Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa.Measles control in West and Central Africa. Eradication notes. Special report, Jul 1968	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3028
1968	WHO Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 7, 30 Aug 1968 Western and Central Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(35):444-7	WHO: 10665/216769 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	WHO Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 12, 8 Nov 1968 Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(45):574-9	WHO: 10665/216887 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	CDC SEP Report II(5): Introduction. Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa. Eradication notes. Special report, Dec 1968	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3030
1968	Cultural resistance to smallpox vaccination in West Africa	Challenor BD	WHO/SE/68.4 and J Trop Med Hyg 1971 74(3): 57-9	WHO: 10665/67464
1969	Program Implementation
1969	Assessment of Phase I of the smallpox eradication/measles control program of Niger. Jan 1969	Henderson RH	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3047
1969	WHO Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 17, 7 Feb 1969 Western and Central Africa. Outbreak: Sierra Leone	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(6):113-6	WHO: 10665/217035 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	CDC SEP Report III(1): Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa. Eradication notes, Feb 1969	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3031
1969	CDC SEP Report III(2): Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa. Eradication notes. Special report on "Eradication escalation" in West and Central Africa, Apr 1969	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3032
1969	WHO Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 23, 2 May 1969 Strategy of the smallpox surveillance and containment programme, Western and Central Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(18):297-303	WHO: 10665/217190 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	See Meetings & Seminars for complete listing of 60+ presentations
	PROCEEDINGS - Part I [10.5 MB]		CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):1-66	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Development and status of the smallpox eradication and measles control programme in west Africa	Millar JD	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):21-7a	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	— Epidemiology of smallpox in west and central Africa	Foege WH	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):29-35a	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	PROCEEDINGS - Part 2 [19.4 MB]		CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):1-225	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	— Summary: Smallpox	Millar JD	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):65-6	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Assessment of surveillance systems in West Africa	Henderson RH	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):69-72	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Intercountry cooperation and coordination: An overview	Lythcott GI	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):76-7	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	— Smallpox eradication in Africa: Principles for action in the maintenance phase	Binson B	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):177-80	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– A review of West African operations: Methods and tactics	Hicks JW	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):192-8	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	— Associated vaccine campaigns: Organization and logistics	Labusquiere R	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):216-20	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Summary: Programme operations	Henderson DA	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):224-5	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	CDC SEP Report III(3): In memoriam: Dr GA Ademola, Oct 1969		CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3033
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 34, 28 Nov 1969 Western and Central Africa. Outbreak: Dahomey	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(48):645-9	WHO: 10665/217500 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	CDC Smallpox eradication program—Directory 1969	Smallpox unit, CDC		DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Status of eradication of smallpox (and control of measles) in West and Central Africa	Millar JD, Foege WH	J Infect Dis 1969 120(6):725-32	DOI:10.1093/infdis/120.6.725
1970	CDC SEP Report IV(3): Current morbidity status. Kwara State smallpox outbreak (preliminary report), Jun 1970	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3042
1970	CDC SEP Report IV(4): Current smallpox morbidity status. Smallpox outbreaks in Nigeria. Yellow fever in Africa, Jul 1970	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3034
1970	CDC SEP Report IV(5): Final report — Nigeria smallpox outbreaks 1970. Smallpox importations into Denmark and Norway. Cholera in West Africa. Yellow fever — Eastern region of Ghana, Aug-Sep 1970	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3035
1971	CDC SEP Report V(1): Special report. Human infection with monkeypox virus: Liberia and Sierra Leone. Feb 1971	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3036
1971	CDC SEP Report V(2): Cholera in West Africa, Jun 1971	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3037
1971	CDC SEP Report V(3): Surveillance bulletins. Smallpox investigation—Liberia. Current trends—smallpox eradication, Sep 1971	Smallpox unit, CDC	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3038
1972	Potency and stability characteristics of smallpox vaccine used in the smallpox eradication programme in Western and West-central Africa International Symposium on Smallpox Vaccine, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 11-13 Oct 1972	Bernstein A, Bierly MZ Jr	WHO/SE/72.49 and Symp Series Immunobiol Stand 1973 19:157-65	WHO: 10665/67517
1975	Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa	Foege WH, Millar JD, Henderson DA	Bull WHO 1975 52(2):209-22	PMCID: PMC2366358
1976	Monkeypox and white poxviruses in West and Central Africa	Arita I, Henderson DA	WHO/SE/76.78 and Bull WHO 1976 53(4):347-53	WHO: 10665/68182 PMCID: PMC2366520
1998	Commentary: Smallpox eradication in west and central Africa revisited	Foege WH	Bull WHO 1998 76(3):233-5	PMCID: PMC2305707
2011	Lessons and innovations from the West and Central African Smallpox Eradication Program Smallpox Eradication after 30 Years: Lessons, Legacies and Innovations. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 24-27 Aug 2010	Foege WH	Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D10-D12	DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.008

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
SMALLPOX CONTROL BEFORE 1967
2012	Disease, religion and medicine: smallpox in nineteenth-century Benin	Soumonni E	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2012 19 Suppl 1:35-45	DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702012000500003

CDC/USAID SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAM
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 34, 28 Nov 1969 Western and Central Africa. Outbreak: Dahomey	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(48):645-9	WHO: 10665/217500 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Smallpox transmission in southern in Dahomey: A study of a village outbreak	Henderson RH, Yekpe M	Am J Epidemiol 1969 90(5):423-8	DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121088
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Notes on variolation	Glokpor GF	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):59-61	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The role of fetish practices in vaccination campaigns	Robbins GE	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):62-64	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The surveillance system and methods used to improve reporting. II. Dahomey	Yekpe M	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):60-2	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Assessment of vaccination coverage and smallpox in five areas of West Africa: A summary of terminal assessment results	Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins D	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):109-32	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country report: Dahomey		SE/69.18	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa	Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins DL, Foege WH	Bull WHO 1973 48(2):183-94	PMCID: PMC2481004
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Benin		SE/WP/75.10	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80
1979	Human monkeypox in West Africa Importation to Benin from Nigeria	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 12 Jan 1979 2:12-13	WHO: 10665/222293

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1964	Response of Volta children to jet inoculation of combined live measles, smallpox and yellow fever vaccines	Meyer Jr HM, Hostetler Jr DD, Bernheim BC, Rogers NG, Lambin P, Chassary A, Labusquière R, Smadel JE	Bull WHO 1964 30:783-94	PMCID: PMC2555088
1967	Standardization and mass application of combined live measles-smallpox vaccine in Upper Volta	Kalabus F, Sansarricq H, Lambin P, Proulx J, Hillman MR	Am J Epidemiol 1967 86(1):93-111	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120736
1967	Smallpox eradication surveillance report, Draft 2, Dec 1967 Special reports: Assessment by market surveys: Upper Volta, Ivory Coast	Smallpox unit, WHO	SE/SR/67.2 pp 18-9	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 20, 21 Mar 1969 Outbreaks: Mali/Upper Volta border	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(12):205-11	WHO: 10665/217110 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Persistence of smallpox in remote unvaccinated villages	Imperato PJ, Sow O, LaPointe M, Vastine D, Leonard TA	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):47-51	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Experiences in Upper Volta with inter-country coordination of containment activities	d'Amanda C	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):80-1	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Upper Volta		SE/69.25	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Upper Volta		SE/WP/75.8	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80
1977	[A year of utilization of a kit for the surveillance of cholera, yellow fever and smallpox in Upper Volta] French	Saliou P, Rey JL, Breman JG, Stoeckel P	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1977 70(5):544-52
1977	Poxvirus in West African nonhuman primates: Serological survey results	Breman JG, Bernadou J, Nakano JH	Bull WHO 1977 55(5):605-12	PMC: PMC2366701

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1964	[Aspects of the epidemic of smallpox at Congo-Brazzaville in 1962-1963 and virologic and electrophoretic study of patients' sera]	Bordas J, Jolibois C, Acker P	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1964 57(6):1214-24
1967	[Smallpox and ABO blood groups in the Congo] French	Lambotte C, Israel E	Ann Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol Mycol 1967 47(6):405-11
1968	[Smallpox and ABO blood groups in the Congo] French	Lambotte C	Bull WHO 1968 38(2):321-2	PMCID: PMC2554317
1977	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Congo		SE/CAC/77.3
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire		AFR/Smallpox/86
1984	[Data from the serological examination of the population of the Republic of Congo for the presence of antibodies to orthopoxviruses. I. A comparative evaluation of different study methods and general results] Russian	Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM, Maltseva NN, Efremova EV, Matsevich GR	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1984 (3):95-100
1984	[Data from a serological survey of the population of the Republic of Congo for the presence of antibodies to orthopoxviruses. II. The species identification of the antibodies by using a solid-phase variant of immunoenzyme method] Russian	Maltseva NN, Marennikova SS, Nakano J, Matsevich GR, Khabakhpashaeva NA	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1984 (4):64-7

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1964	Smallpox eradication programme in Ghana Expert Committee on Smallpox, Geneva, 14-20 January 1964	Grant FC	Smallpox/WP.20	WHO: 10665/67674
1965	Variolation in Ghana	Scott D	Extract from Epidemic Disease in Ghana 1901-1960, London, Oxford Univ Press, 1965 pp 83-4	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreaks in non-endemic countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Sudan, South Africa. Brazil: Outbreak in a city 100% vaccinated	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(8):150-8	WHO: 10665/217064 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Field investigation of an outbreak of smallpox at Bawku, Ghana: May-October 1967	de Sario V	WHO/SE/69.8 and East Afr Med J 1970 47(10):524-35	WHO: 10665/67469
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Surveillance techniques for detecting importations of smallpox	Grant FC	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):66-68	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Ghana		SE/69.9	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Ghana		SE/WP/75.12	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Execution of smallpox eradication-measles control programme in Guinea	Barry El-Hadj A	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):36-40	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Concurrent assessment during the smallpox eradication/measles control programme in Guinea - December 1967 through February 1969	Alécaut B, Breman JG, Famba MK	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):90-96	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Guinea		SE/69.21	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Republic of Guinea		SE/WP/75.1	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80
1977	Smallpox in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa: I. History and Epidemiology	Breman JG, Alécaut AB, Lane JM	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 26(4):756-764. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.756
1977	Smallpox in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa. II. Eradication using mobile teams	Breman JG, Alécaut AB, Malberg DR, Charter RS, Lane JM	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 26(4):765-74. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.765

By WHO Region | Western & Central Africa

Summary and Regional Information

Benin (Dahomey)

Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)

Cameroon

Central African Republic

Chad

Congo

Equatorial Guinea

Gabon

The Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)

Liberia

Mali

Mauritania

Niger

Nigeria

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Togo

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Assessment in the Central African Republic	Ewen N	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):103-108	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Central African Republic		SE/69-17	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Central African Republic		SE/CAC/77.4
1977	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Burundi		SE/CAC/77.1
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire		AFR/Smallpox/86

Year	Title	Authors	Source	Source
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Africa. Chad 1st case reported since 1965; origin Nigeria	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Apr 7 42(14):175	WHO: 10665/215967
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Africa. Chad. Outbreak, origin Nigeria; 81 cases, 21 deaths (26%)	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Sep 15 42(37):424	WHO: 10665/216200
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Advantages and disadvantages of specialized and multi-purpose medical teams	Roux JM	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):208-212	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Chad		SE/69.15	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Chad		SE/CAC/77.8
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire		AFR/Smallpox/86

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1977	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Equatorial Guinea		SE/CAC/77.6
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire		AFR/Smallpox/86

Year	Title	Source	URL
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Country Report: Gabon	SE/69.14	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Gabon	SE/CAC/77.5

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Programme costs as related to vaccinations, morbidity and mortality in The Gambia	N'Dow PJ	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):221-223	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: The Gambia		SE/69.16	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Gambia		SE/WP/75.11	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Republic of Guinea-Bissau		SE/WP/75.15	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Country Report: Liberia		SE/69.13	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 54, 5 Mar 1971 Importations into non-endemic countries: Trucial Sheikhdoms, Iran. Smallpox-like illnesses in Africa [monkeypox in Dem Rep Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone]	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(10):86-91	WHO: 10665/218191 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Special report: Human infection with monkeypox: Liberia and Sierra Leone	Cummings EC	CDC, SEP Report V(1):1-14	CDC: 3036
1972	Human monkeypox	Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, Pifer JM, Lourie B, Moser CR, Cummings EC, Kuteyi OE, Eke RE, Titus JB, Smith EA, Hicks JW, Foege WH	Bull WHO 1972 46(5):569-76	PMCID: PMC2480784
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Liberia		SE/WP/75.9	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1968	Traditional beliefs about smallpox and its treatment in the Republic of Mali	Imperato PJ, Traoré D	J Trop Med Hyg 1968 71(9):224-8
1968	The practice of variolation among the Songhai of Mali	Imperato P	Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1968 62(6)863-73. DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(68)90015-1
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 20, 21 Mar 1969 Outbreaks: Mali/Upper Volta border	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(12):205-11	WHO: 10665/217110 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Persistence of smallpox in remote unvaccinated villages	Imperato P, Sow O, LaPointe M, Vastine D, Leonard TA	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):47-51	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Role of migrant groups in the transmission of smallpox in Mali	Sow O	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):55-56	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Mali		SE/WP/69.23	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	The transmission pattern of smallpox in a West African school population	Imperato PJ	J Trop Pediatr 1970 16(4):204-9. DOI:10.1093/tropej/16.4.204
1971	The transmission pattern of smallpox in Eastern Mali	Fofana B, Imperato PJ, Nedvideck J	Acta Trop 1971 28(2):175-9
1972	The epidemiology of smallpox in the Republic of Mali	Imperato PJ, Sow O, Fofana B	Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972 66(1):176-82	DOI:10.1016/0035-9203(72)90067-3
1973	The persistence of smallpox in remote unvaccinated villages during eradication program activities	Imperato PJ, Sow O, Fofana B	Acta Trop 1973 30(4):261-8
1974	Observations on variolation practices in Mali	Imperato P	Trop Geogr Med 1974 26(4):429-40
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Republic of Mali		SE/WP/75.3	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80
1977	Poxvirus in West African nonhuman primates: Serological survey results	Breman JG, Bernadou J, Nakano JH	Bull WHO 1977 55(5):605-12	PMC: PMC2366701

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Mauritania		SE/WP/75.13	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1965	A comparison of two methods of vaccination against smallpox in Nigeria	Snell PH	West Afr Med J 1965 14(6):233-5
1967	A pilot assessment project—Kano, Nigeria	Smith EA, Adeoye PO, Jones CJ; Smallpox unit, WHO	SE/SR/67.2 pp 14-7	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1967	Simultaneous administration of live measles virus vaccine and smallpox vaccine	Sherman PM, Hendrickse RG, Montefiore D, Peradze T, Coker G	Br Med J 1967 2(5553):672-6	PMCID: PMC1842333
1968	Faith Tabernacle smallpox epidemic, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Thompson D, Foege WH	WHO/SE/68.3	WHO: 10665/67462
1968	Characteristics of an epidemic of smallpox, Gerere Hamlet, Nigeria—1968	Pifer J, Adeoye CL	WHO/SE/68.5	WHO: 10665/67463
1969	[Organization of operations for single-stage smallpox vaccination of the population of one of the regions of western Nigeria] Russian	Lugovskiĭ IP	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 46(1):93-5
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– The value of surveillance newsletters	Smith EA, Foster SO	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):53-57	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Concurrent assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Programme in Mid-West State, Nigeria	Mebitaghan IS, Okoh PA	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):97-102	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Assessment of vaccination coverage and smallpox in five areas of West Africa — a summary of terminal assessment results	Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins D	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):109-132	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The value, efficiency, and limitations of collecting points in mass vaccination programmes	Smith EA, Foster SO, Adetosoye JI, Mebitaghan IS, Adeoye PO, Pifer JM	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):199-204	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Nigeria		SE/69.22	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Nigeria (Northern States)		SE/69.24	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 43, 26 Jun 1970 Outbreak: Nigeria	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(26):278-82	WHO: 10665/217785 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Recurrence of smallpox in Nigeria 1970 Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, India, 30 Nov-5 Dec 1970	Foege WH	WHO/SE/71.30:45-51	WHO: 10665/67488 pp 45--51
1971	Selective epidemiologic control in smallpox eradication	Foege WH, Millar JD, Lane JM	Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):311-315	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121325
1972	Human monkeypox	Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, Pifer JM, Lourie B, Moser CR, Cummings EC, Kuteyi OE, Eke RE, Titus JB, Smith EA, Hicks JW, Foege WH	Bull WHO 1972 46(5):569-76	PMCID: PMC2480784
1973	Simultaneous administration of smallpox, measles, yellow fever, and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus antigens to Nigerian children	Ruben FL, Smith EA, Foster SO, Casey HL, Pifer JM, Wallace RB, Atta AI, Jones WL, Arnold RB, Teller BE, Shaikh ZQ, Lourie B, Eddins DL, Doko SM, Foege WH	Bull WHO 1973 48(2):175-81	PMCID: PMC2481001
1973	Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa	Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins DL, Foege WH	Bull WHO 1973 48(2):183-94	PMCID: PMC2481004
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Nigeria		SE/WP/75.4	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80
1976	Freedom from smallpox. Case histories on four countries where cases were missed for extended periods	Henderson DA	WHO/SE/76.85	WHO: 10665/70473
1979	Human monkeypox in West Africa Importation to Benin from Nigeria	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 12 Jan 1979 2:12-13	WHO: 10665/222293
1979	[Preliminary results of an investigation into a case of monkeypox in Nigeria]. French	Gromyko AI, Daramola M	SME/79.3	WHO: 10665/68316

Year	Title	Source	URL
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Country Report: Senegal	SE/69.11	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Senegal	SE/WP/75.5	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta	AFR/Smallpox/80

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 17, 7 Feb 1969 Western and Central Africa. Outbreak: Sierra Leone	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(6):113-6	WHO: 10665/217035 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Results of investigation and control programme in Sierra Leone	Cummings EC, Hopkins DR, Thornton JN	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):41-44	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Associated with exposure at a funeral ceremony: Smallpox outbreak, Yawei Chiefdom, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone	Cummings EC, Hopkins DR, Thornton JN	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):52-54	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Sierra Leone		SE/69.8	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	The smallpox eradication programme in Sierra Leone Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, India, 30 Nov - 5 Dec 1970	Cummings EC	SE/WP/70.7 [Also issued as WHO/SE/71.30 pp 32-44]	WHO: 10665/68077 WHO: 10665/67488
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 54, 5 Mar 1971 Importations into non-endemic countries: Trucial Sheikhdoms, Iran. Smallpox-like illnesses in Africa [monkeypox in Dem Rep Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone]	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(10):86-91	WHO: 10665/218191 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Special report: Human infection with monkeypox: Liberia and Sierra Leone	Cummings EC	CDC, SEP Report V(1):1-14	CDC: 3036
1971	Two funeral-associated smallpox outbreaks in Sierra Leone	Hopkins DR, Lane JM, Cummings EC, Millar JD	Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):341-7	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121328
1971	Smallpox in Sierra Leone. I. Epidemiology	Hopkins DR, Lane JM, Cummings EC, Millar JD	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1971 20(5):689-96	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1971.20.689
1971	Smallpox in Sierra Leone. II. The 1968-69 eradication program	Hopkins DR, Lane JM, Cummings EC, Thornton JN, Millar JD	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1971 20(5):697-704	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1971.20.697
1972	Human monkeypox	Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, Pifer JM, Lourie B, Moser CR, Cummings EC, Kuteyi OE, Eke RE, Titus JB, Smith EA, Hicks JW, Foege WH	Bull WHO 1972 46(5):569-76	PMCID: PMC2480784
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Sierra Leone		SE/WP/75.6	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1948	[A smallpox epidemic in Togo, November 1944 to May 1945] French	Le Gac PJ	Med Trop (Mars) 1948 8(3):322-30
1967	An evaluation of measles and smallpox vaccines simultaneously administered	Budd MA, Scholtens RG, McGehee RF, Jr., Gardner P	Am J Public Health 1967 57(1):80-6	DOI: 10.2105/ajph.57.1.80 PMCID: PMC1226998
1969	Negative epidemiological enquiries within the framework of the smallpox eradication programme	Glokpor GF	WHO/SE/69.12	WHO: 10665/67467
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Use of house-to-house surveys in finding smallpox cases	Agle AN	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):45-46	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Notes on variolation	Glokpor GF	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):59-61	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The role of fetish practices in vaccination campaigns	Robbins GE	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(1):62-64	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The surveillance system and methods used to improve reporting, I. Togo	Agbodjan LP	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):58-69	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Benefits of intercountry coordination	Agle AN	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):82	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Assessment of vaccination coverage and smallpox in five areas of West Africa — a summary of terminal assessment results	Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins D	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):109-132	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Comparative advantages of jet injectors and bifurcated needles	Glokpor GP	CDC, SEP Report 1970 IV(2):205-207	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Country Report: Togo		SE/69.12	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Epidemiological investigations: Smallpox Eradication Programme in Togo - 1969	Glokpor GF, Agle AN	WHO/SE/70.21	WHO: 10665/67479
1973	Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa	Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins DL, Foege WH	Bull WHO 1973 48(2):183-94	PMCID: PMC2481004
1975	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Western Africa: Togo		SE/WP/75.7	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta		AFR/Smallpox/80