Target Zero: Eastern Mediterranean

Summary and Regional Information

For more information, see:
Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988)

Chapter 14 (Afghanistan & Pakistan)
Chapter 18, pp 911-3, 930-44 (Sudan)
Chapter 21 (Ethiopia, Yemen & Democratic Yemen)
Chapter 22 (Somalia & Djibouti)
Chapter 26, pp 1217-23 (Certification in south-western Asia)

Summary of Smallpox Status

Country	Last endemic case	Importations during SEP	Certification	Method	Document
ASIA
Afghanistan	1972	1973	30 Nov 1976	International Commission	WHO/SE/77.89
Iran¹	1963, 1972	1970	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Iraq¹	1959, 1972	1971	17 Apr 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/78.127
Syrian Arab Republic¹	1950	1972	22 Oct 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/78.126
Pakistan (West Pakistan)	1974	None post-1974	18 Dec 1976	International Commission	WHO/SE/77.90

HORN OF AFRICA
Djibouti (French Territory of Afars and Issas)²	1959	1971, 1972, 1973, 1974	26 Oct 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.147
Ethiopia³	1976	None post-1976	26 Oct 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.148
Somalia⁴	1962, 1977	1972, 1973, 1974, 1975	26 Oct 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.146
Sudan¹	1962, 1972	1967	29 Nov 1978	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.134
Yemen Arab Rep.⁵	1969	None post-1969	10 Jun 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.139
Yemen, Dem. Rep.⁵	1960	None	11 Jun 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.140

ARAB GULF STATES⁶
Bahrain	1957	None	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Kuwait	1957	1967	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Oman	1962	1967, 1968	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Qatar	1961	None	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Saudi Arabia	1961	1970, 1972	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
United Arab Emirates (Trucial Sheikhdoms)	Never endemic	1967, 1968, 1970, 1971	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21

Iran, Iraq, Sudan (which then included South Sudan), and the Syrian Arab Republic were not included in the ISEP in 1967, having halted transmission in 1963, 1959, 1962. and 1950, respectively. But an importation in 1967 reestablished smallpox in Sudan and importations in 1970-72 reestablished it in Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Transmission in all four countries was interrupted in 1972. Iran, Sudan, and the Syrian Arab Republic were certified smallpox-free by International Commissions, but political events prohbited a visit by an International Commission to Iraq.
Djibouti (the French Territory of the Afars and Issas until 1977) had no endemic smallpox, but experienced periodic importations from Ethiopia. These were controlled by containment vaccination; mass vaccination was conducted every 3 years.
Ethiopia did not agree to participate in WHO's smallpox eradication programme until 1971, 4 years after the global eradication program began. Ethiopia was a member of the Eastern Mediterranean Region until 1977, when it joined the African Region. Eritrea was not an independent state during the ISEP.
Somalia had reported its last endemic cases in 1962. However, importations from Ethiopia were frequent because of the shared border through the Ogaden Desert and its nomadic people. Reports of cases received in late September 1976, 7 weeks after the last outbreak in Ethiopia (potentially the last in the world), led to a declaration of a state of emergency by the government and a country-wide case search. Endemic smallpox was discovered throughout southern Somalia, and major epidemics followed. Somalia became the last country to be freed of smallpox.
Yemen and Democratic Yemen were delayed in beginning eradication activities by the North Yemen Civil War (~1962-70). Eradication programs began in 1969 and 1970, respectively. However, war has an aftermath and four vaccinators from Democratic Yemen were killed by a land mine in 1971.
The Arab countries of the Gulf area (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had interrupted transmission by the early 1960s, but were subject to importations from pilgrims and migrant labor. The United Arab Emirates were known as the Trucial Sheikhdoms or Trucial States until Dec 1971.

Regional information

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1954	Campaign against smallpox. Annex: Smallpox outbreaks in EMRO since 1939	Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean, 4th Session, 1954	RC4/EM/7	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1959	Smallpox control	Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean, 9th Session, 1959	EM/RC9/5; EM/RC9/5.Add.1	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1961	Smallpox control and eradication	Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean. 11th Session, 1961	EM/RC11/5	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1966	Smallpox eradication: Difficulties encountered	Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean, 16th Session, 15 Jun 1966	EM/RC16/5	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	EMRO Projections: 1968, 1969, 1970 Meeting of Regional Advisers on Smallpox Eradication. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-10 Apr 1968		DAH personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 1, 7 Jun 1968 Asia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(23):290-1	WHO: 10665/216623 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 6, 16 Aug 1968 Asia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(33):408-9	WHO: 10665/216745 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Status of the smallpox eradication programmes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, 30 Nov-5 Dec 1970	Shafa E	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 24-30	WHO: 10665/67488

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1956	[Smallpox control in Afghanistan]. German	Berke Z	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1956 165(5-7):301-4
1968	A study of immunity to smallpox in persons who have experienced a previous attack	Vichniakov VE	Bull WHO 1968 39(3):433-7	PMCID: PMC2554405
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 19, 7 Mar 1969 Eastern and Southern Africa. Case distribution by age and vaccination status: Afghanistan, Indonesia, West Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(10):173-9	WHO: 10665/217087 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	An outbreak of smallpox in a village in Afghanistan	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/69.9	WHO: 10665/67470
1970	Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Nov - 5 Dec 1970
	– Smallpox surveillance in Afghanistan	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 80-91 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.24]	WHO: 10665/67488 [WHO: 10665/68065]
	– Special problems relating to the smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan	Akbary MT	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 92-7 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.22]	WHO: 10665/67488 [WHO: 10665/68063]
	– Assessment of the smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan	Salehi MY	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 98-102 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.28]	WHO: 10665/67488 [WHO: 10665/68070]
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 51, 18-Dec 1970 Afghanistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(51):558-63	WHO: 10665/218076 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 55, 26 Mar 1971 Transmission of smallpox in well-vaccinated populations: Afghanistan, Indonesia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(13):122-5 Corr: Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(14):136-7	WHO: 10665/218234 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Training Seminar on Smallpox Eradication. Karachi, Pakistan, 14-18 November 1972
	— The smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan	Darmanger AM, Rangaraj AG	SE/WP/PAK/72.3	WHO: 10665/68167
	– The problem of variolating relating to the smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan	Rangaraj AG	SE/WP/PAK/72.2	WHO: 10665/68166
1973	Dead men tell no tales. (An account of a recent smallpox outbreak in Afghanistan)	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/73.59	WHO: 10665/67621
1976	Record of interview with a variolator. Jalalabad, Afghanistan, 25 Nov 1976	Henderson DA	DAH personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Assessment of Smallpox Eradication in Afghanistan	Intl Commission - Afghanistan, WHO	WHO/SE/77.89	WHO: 10665/68206

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Bahrain and Corrigendum	Min of Health, Bahrain, WHO	WHO/SE/78.115 and WHO/SE/78.115 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.34]	WHO: 10665/68245 WHO: 10665/68246
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1970	[Contribution of the French Territory of Afars and Issas to smallpox control in East Africa] French	Courtois D	WHO/SE/70.15 and Bull World Health Organ 1970 42(4):635-8	WHO: 10665/67472 PMCID: PMC2427473
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 98, 16 Nov 1973 Asian sub-continent. Botswana. Importations: Somalia, French Territory of the Afars and Issas, Nepal	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(46):434-8	WHO: 10665/219623 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 137, 7 Oct 1977 Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 138, 9 Dec 1977 Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(49):389-91	WHO: 10665/221645 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1978	Recommendations Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, 17-19 Apr 1978		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	Smallpox eradication in the Republic of Djibouti: Status report, 23 November 1978	--	SME/78.27 [Coissued as GC WP/78.13]	WHO: 10665/68307
1978	Smallpox eradication programme in the Republic of Djibouti, 6 November 1977 - 20 December 1977. [Assessment of the present situation and implementation of surveillance activities]	Grasset NC	WHO/SE/78.100	WHO: 10665/68227
1979	Joint meeting of the International Commissions for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication from the Horn of Africa and the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, Oct 1979
	— Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Republic of Djibouti. October 1979	Min of Health, Rep of Djibouti; WHO (Ryst JP)	WHO/SE/79.143	WHO: 10665/68276
	– Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Djibouti, 9-18 October 1979	--	WHO/SE/79.147	WHO: 10665/68280
	– Joint Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Countries of the Horn of Africa, Nairobi, 26 October 1979	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/79.150	WHO: 10665/68283

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1965	The history and traditional treatment of smallpox in Ethiopia	Pankhurst R	Med Hist 1965 9(4):343-55	DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300030994 PMCID: PMC1033531
1965	A localized outbreak of classical smallpox in Kembara Awraja	Teclemariam A	Ethiop Med J 1965 3:134-6

WHO INTENSIFIED SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAMME
SMALLPOX SURVEILLANCE REPORTS & WER
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 58, 4 Jun 1971 Ethiopia. Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(23):228-33	WHO: 10665/218358 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 73, 30 Jun 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(26):249-51	WHO: 10665/218953 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 76, 18 Aug 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(33):313-5	WHO: 0665/219033 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 78, 15 Sep 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(37):345-7	WHO: 10665/219076 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 83, 22 Dec 1972 Sudan and Ethiopia. Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(51/52):494-6	WHO: 10665/219199 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 86, 23 Feb 1973 Sudan and Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(8):93-6	WHO: 10665/219274 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 88, 30 Mar 1973 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(13):143-5	WHO: 10665/219326 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 95, 31 Aug 1973 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(35):348-50	WHO: 10665/219520 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 97, 19 Oct 1973 Ethiopia. Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(42):402-5	WHO: 10665/219587 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 99, 14 Dec 1973 Ethiopia. India. Pakistan. Bangladesh	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(50):475-9	WHO: 10665/219652 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 101, 8 Feb 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(6):50-1	WHO: 10665/219725 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 102, 8 Mar 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(10):82-5	WHO: 10665/219757 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 103, 11 Apr 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(15):126-9	WHO: 10665/219809 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 105, 14 Jun 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(24):207-10	WHO: 10665/219910 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 106, 12 Jul 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(28):238-41	WHO: 10665/219942 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 111, 13 Dec 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(50):414-17	WHO: 10665/220150 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 115, 25 Apr 1975 Ethiopia. Bangladesh	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(17):162-6	WHO: 10665/220326 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 118, 11 Jul 1975 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(28):254-6	WHO: 10665/220436 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 120, 19 Sep 1975 Bangladesh, India, Ethiopia. Suspect cases: Mozambique	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(38):325-9	WHO: 10665/220529 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 121, 24 Oct 1975 Bangladesh, Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(43):363-6	WHO: 10665/220579 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 123, 19 Dec 1975 Ethiopia, Bangladesh	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(51):430-33	WHO: 10665/220648 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 125, 20 Feb 1976 Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(8):61-3	WHO: 10665/220720 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 126, 26 Mar 1976 Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(13):98-9	WHO: 10665/220776 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 128, 18 Jun 1976 Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(25):202-4	WHO: 10665/220893 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 129, 30 Jul 1976 Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(31):245-7	WHO: 10665/220962 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 130, 19 Nov 1976 Ethiopia, Somalia. Smallpox and the smallpox programme in Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(47):360-2	WHO: 10665/221123 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	WER. Smallpox Ethiopia. Last known case on 9 Aug 1976	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 Feb 11 52(6):63	WHO: 10665/221225
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 132, 4 Mar 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 52(9):85-8	WHO: 10665/221260 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	WER. Smallpox eradication programme. First Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, 14-16 Mar 1977	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 Apr 1 52(13):120	WHO: 10665/221296
1977	WER. Smallpox surveillance. Ethiopia. 2 outbreaks; probable origin Somalia	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 May 13 52(19):167	WHO: 10665/221355
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 134, 10 Jun 1977 Kenya	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(23):193-5	WHO: 10665/221385 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	WER. Smallpox surveillance. Ethiopia. Outbreaks confirmed as chickenpox	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 Jun 24 52(25):211	WHO: 10665/221404
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 135, 22 Jul 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(29):240-2	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 137, 7 Oct 1977 Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 138, 9 Dec 1977 Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(49):389-91	WHO: 10665/221645 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 142, 4 Aug 1978 Global certification of smallpox eradication. Progress towards certification: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia; Sudan, Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 53(31):229-32	WHO: 10665/222009 DAH: Chesney Med Arch

1972	A report from Gemu-Gofa Province, Ethiopia	Tilahun G, Mondaw K, Kraushaar MD, Holmberg MS	WHO/SE/72.48	WHO: 10665/67515
1973	Active search operations for smallpox: An Ethiopian experience	de Quadros CA, Weithaler KL, Siemon J	WHO/SE/73.50 and Int J Epidemiol 1973 2(3):237-40	WHO: 10665/67519 DOI: 10.1093/ije/2.3.237
1975	An account of operations in Gishe Woreda, Ethiopia	Barrashand W, Kaplan L	WHO/SE/75.72	WHO: 10665/68170
1976	Ethiopia: development of the programme since 1974	WHO Press release	SME/INF.2	DAH: Personal papers
1976	[Smallpox in Ethiopia. I] Dutch	Schneider HJ, van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1976 120:1393-6
1976	[Smallpox in Ethiopia. II] Dutch	Schneider HJ, van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1976 120(39):1660
1976	[Smallpox in Ethiopia. III. Ethiopia free from smallpox before the end of October?] Dutch	van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1976 120(41):1764-5
1976	[Smallpox in Ethiopia. IV. Within sight of the harbor...] Dutch	van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1976 120(48):2124-5
1977	[Smallpox in Ethiopia (final)]	van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1977 121(12):513-5
1979	Report of the International Commission for Preliminary Assessment of Smallpox Eradication in Ethiopia, 3-18 Apr 1978		SME/79.6	WHO: 10665/68317
1978	Recommendations Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, 17-19 Apr 1978		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	Report on a visit to Ethiopia by Members of the Global Commission for Smallpox Eradication, 31 May - 15 Jun 1978	Dumbell KR, Shrestha PN	SME/78.11	WHO: 10665/68291
1978	[Recent smallpox epidemics in Ethiopia and Somalia, human monkey pox virus infections and impossibilities of world eradication of the smallpox]. French	Merklen FP	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(1):11-9
1979	Joint meeting of the International Commissions for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication from the Horn of Africa and the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, Oct 1979
	— Smallpox Eradication in Ethiopia. Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication	Min of Health, Ethiopia, WHO, (Tekeste, Y., Hailu A, do Amaral C, Jr, Arbani PR, Khodakevich LN, Ward NA, Wickett J, ed)	WHO/SE/79.144	WHO: 10665/68277
	— Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Ethiopia, 1-17 Oct 1979	--	WHO/SE/79.148	WHO: 10665/68281
	— Joint Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Countries of the Horn of Africa, Nairobi, 26 Oct 1979	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/79.150	WHO: 10665/68283
1979	The eradication of smallpox	Khodakevich LN, Tekeste Y	Ethiop Med J 1979 17(2):49-53
1982	Ethiopia: Time budgeting for management	Ayalew S	World Health Forum 1982 3:129-31
1984	Smallpox eradication in Ethiopia. WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville.	Tekeste Y, Hailu A, do Amaral C, Arbani PR, Ismail O, Khodakevich LN, Ward NA (Wickett J, Meiklejohn G, editors)
2011	Experiences with smallpox eradication in Ethiopia	de Quadros CA	Vaccine 2011 29 Suppl 4:D30-5	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.001

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1957	The 1954-1955 epidemic of smallpox in Tabriz	Frederiksen H, Motameni ST	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1957 6(5):853-7	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1957.6.853
1957	Smallpox control by mass vaccination with dried vaccine	Frederiksen H, Sheehy JP	Public Health Rep 1957 72(2):163-72	PMCID: PMC2031191

WHO INTENSIFIED SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAMME
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 54, 5 Mar 1971 Importations into non-endemic countries: Trucial Sheikhdoms, Iran. Smallpox-like illnesses in Africa [monkeypox in Dem Rep Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone]	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(10):86-91	WHO: 10665/218191 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox-like viruses from camels in Iran	Baxby D	Lancet 1972 2(7786):1063-5	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92343-4
1978	Smallpox eradication in Iran	Imperial Min of Health and Welfare, Govt of Iran;; WHO	WHO/SE/78.120 [Coissued as GC WP/78.28]	WHO: 10665/67650
1978	The special programme to confirm smallpox eradication in Iran	Brilliant LB	WHO/SE/78.129 [Coissued as GC WP/78.27]	WHO: 10665/68261
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 7,21	WHO: 10665/68264

By WHO Region | Eastern Mediterranean

Summary and Regional Information

Summary of Smallpox Status

Regional information

Afghanistan

Once in Afghanistan

Bahrain

Djibouti (French Territory of the Afars and Issas)

Ethiopia

Iran

Iraq

Kuwait

Oman

Pakistan (West Pakistan)

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Somalia

Sudan

Syrian Arab Republic

United Arab Emirates (Trucial Sheikhdoms)

Yemen Arab Republic

Democratic Republic of Yemen

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1961	Preparation and execution of mass smallpox vaccination in Iraq with the assistance of the Soviet Union	Zakaryan AV	Probl Virol 1961 6:797-800
1961	[Organization and conduction of mass smallpox vaccination in Iraq with the aid of the Soviet Union] Russian	Zakarian AV	Vopr Virusol 1961 6:733-5
1962	[Measures for the eradication of smallpox in Iraq] Russian	Zakarian AV	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1962 33:120-3

WHO INTENSIFIED SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAMME
1978	Report to the members of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Iraq	Min of Health, Iraq; WHO	WHO/SE/78.114 [Coissued as GC WP/78.26]	WHO: 10665/68244
1978	Visit report of the members of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Iraq, 5-15 October 1978	--	WHO/SE/78.127 [Coissued as GC WP/78.25]	WHO: 10665/68260

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Kuwait. 1st cases reported since 1959; 5 cases, 2 deaths (40%)	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Apr 21 42(16):198	WHO: 10665/215991
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Kuwait. Origin nomadic. 12 cases, 6 deaths (50%)	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 May 5 42(18):219	WHO: 10665/216012
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Kuwait. 41 cases, 17 deaths (41%)	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 May 12 42(19):229	WHO: 10665/216023
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Kuwait. 42 cases, 18 deaths (44%); no new cases	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 May 19 42(20):242	WHO: 10665/216034
1970	Role of hospital in smallpox outbreak in Kuwait	Arita I, Shafa E, Kader A	Am J Public Health 1970 60(10):1960-6	DOI: 10.2105/ajph.60.10.1960 PMCID: PMC1348984
1976	An antigenically atypical strain of variola virus	Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM, Matsevich GR, Habahpasheva NA	J Gen Virol 1976 33(3):513-5	DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-33-3-513
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Kuwait and Addendum	Min of Health, Kuwait; WHO	WHO/SE/78.119 WHO/SE/78.119 Add.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.38]	WHO: 10665/68252 [Add.1: 10665/68253]
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6,21	WHO: 10665/68264
1979	WER. Adverse reactions to smallpox vaccination. Kuwait: Case report	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1979 Oct 26 54(43):330	WHO: 10665/222771

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Oman. 1st cases reported since 1962; origin India, sea passenger	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Mar 17 42(11):141	WHO: 10665/215934
1968	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Oman. Importation from India, illegal immigrant	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 Mar 15 43(11):155	WHO: 10665/216498
1968	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Oman. 2nd importation from India, illegal immigrant	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 Mar 29 43(13):174	WHO: 10665/216521
1970	An outbreak of smallpox in the Trucial Oman States	Swinhoe PH	J R Army Med Corps 1970 116:24-33
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Oman	Min of Health, Oman; WHO	WHO/SE/78.117	WHO: 10665/68249
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6,21	WHO: 10665/68264

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1959	[Trip of Soviet physicians to Pakistan and control of cholera and smallpox]. Russian	Pastukhov BN	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1959 30(2):148-51
1964	The planning, organization and execution of smallpox vaccination campaign in Pakistan Expert Committee on Smallpox, WHO, Geneva, 14-20 Jan 1964	Haque NS	Smallpox/WP/13	WHO: 10665/67664

WHO INTENSIFIED SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAM
SMALLPOX SURVEILLANCE REPORTS
	*NOTE: All* Smallpox Surveillance Reports Nos. 83-113 (17 Nov 1972 - 21 Feb 1975) include tables of smallpox incidence in Pakistan by week and district**
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 11, 25 Oct 1968 Asia. Pakistan. Worldwide cases 1956-67	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(43):552-6	WHO: 10665/216865 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 19, 7 Mar 1969 Eastern and Southern Africa. Case distribution by age and vaccination status: Afghanistan, Indonesia, West Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(10):173-9	WHO: 10665/217087 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 63, 1 Oct 1971 Smallpox transmission between villages: West Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(40):412-4	WHO: 10665/218540 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 64, 29 Oct 1971 East and West Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(44):453-8	WHO: 10665/218577 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 99, 14 Dec 1973 Ethiopia. India. Pakistan. Bangladesh	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(50):475-9	WHO: 10665/219652 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 101, 8 Feb 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(6):50-1	WHO: 10665/219725 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 102, 8 Mar 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(10):82-5	WHO: 10665/219757 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 103, 11 Apr 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(15):126-9	WHO: 10665/219809 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 105, 14 Jun 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(24):207-10	WHO: 10665/219910 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 106, 12 Jul 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 197449(28):238-41	WHO: 10665/219942 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 107, 9 Aug 1974 Bangladesh, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(32):271-4	WHO: 10665/219975 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 108, 6 Sep 1974 Bangladesh, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(36):302-4	WHO: 10665/220009 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 109, 4 Oct 1974 Bangladesh, India, Pakistan. Smallpox and vaccinia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(40):334-7	WHO: 10665/220049 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 110, 1 Nov 1974 Bangladesh, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(44):365-9	WHO: 10665/220090 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 111, 13 Dec 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(50):414-17	WHO: 10665/220150 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 118, 11 Jul 1975 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 50(28):254-6	WHO: 10665/220436 DAH: Chesney Med Arch

1969	Transmission of smallpox in endemic areas	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Ali A	WHO/SE/69.13	WHO: 10665/67468
1970	Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, India, 30 Nov-5 Dec 1970
	– Surveillance activities of the smallpox eradication programme in West Pakistan	Khawaja MB	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 195-206 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.11]	WHO: 10665/67488 [WHO: 10665/68047]
1970	Scar survey in smallpox eradication programme of West Pakistan	Khawaja MB, Adibzadeh F	SE/WP/70.27	WHO: 10665/68069
1970	Variola major in West Pakistan	Mack TM, Thomas DB, Khan MM	J Infect Dis 1970 122(6):479-88	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/122.6.479
1971	A study of inapparent infection in smallpox.	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Daniel RW, Cole JL, Anthony RL, McCrumb FR, Jr	WHO/SE/71.26 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(3):252-68	WHO: 10665/67484 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121319
1971	A study of intrafamilial transmission of smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, McCrumb FR, Jr.	WHO/SE/71.33 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):316-26	WHO: 10665/67491 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121326
1971	Field trials of methisazone as a prophylactic agent against smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Russell PK, Haase AT, Ahmad N, Mohammed N, Thomas DB, Mack TM, Khan MM, Knatterud GL, Anthony RL, McCrumb FR Jr.	WHO/SE/71.29 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(5):435-9	WHO: 10665/67487 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121340
1971	Results of virological examination of smallpox convalescents and contacts	Shelukhina EM, Marennikova SS, Maltseva NN, Matzevich GR, Hashmi AA	WHO/SE/71.31	WHO: 10665/67489
1971	Survey of vaccination status and past smallpox experience of an urban population of West Pakistan	Ali A, Heiner GG	Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):327-40	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121327
1972	Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. I. Acquired immunity and the distribution of disease	Mack TM, Thomas DB, Ali A, Muzaffar Khan M	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(2):157-68	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121380
1972	Training Seminar on Smallpox Eradication, Karachi, Pakistan, 14-18 Nov 1972
	— Inauguration of the seminar	Henderson DA	SE/72.9	WHO: 10665/68042
	— Smallpox eradication project Punjab 1972. Some aspects of smallpox eradication in Lahore	Suleimanov GD	SE/WP/PAK/72.1	WHO: 10665/68165
	— Smallpox eradication programme Punjab 1972. Three years of experience in Punjab Province	Suleimanov GD, Rafique M	SE/WP/PAK/72.4	WHO: 10665/68169
1972	Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. II. Determinants of intravillage spread other than acquired immunity	Mack TM, Thomas DB, Muzaffar Khan M	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(2):169-77	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121382
1972	Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. III. Outbreak detection and interlocality transmission [Reprinted in 1995 with invited commentary by DA Henderson]	Thomas DB, Mack TM, Ali A, Muzaffar Khan M	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(2):178-89 [Am J Epidemiol 1995 141(6):489-501]	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121383 [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117463] [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112194]
1972	Smallpox transmission on a bus	Suleimanov GD, Mandokhel KK	WHO/SE/72.41	WHO: 10665/67502
1976	[Description of an epidemic outbreak of smallpox in Pakistan 1974]. Spanish	Gosset Osuna G	Rev Invest Salud Publica 1976 35(2):117-29.
1976	Variolation in Punjab Report for the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Pakistan	Ullah IC	PAK/PUN/WP/76.12
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Assessment of Smallpox Eradication in Pakistan		WHO/SE/77.90	WHO: 10665/68208

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Qatar and Corrigendum	Min of Health, Qatar, WHO	WHO/SE/78.116 and WHO/SE/78.116 Corr. 1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.35	WHO: 10665/68247 WHO: 10665/68248
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6,21	WHO: 10665/68264

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1951	Epidemic smallpox in Jiddah; treatment with antibiotics	Corkill NL	Br Med J 1951 2(4732):663-7	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4732.663 PMCID: PMC2069975

WHO INTENSIFIED SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAMME
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 40, 17 Apr 1970 Importations: Germany, Saudi Arabia, Uganda, Zambia. Indonesia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(16):177-85	WHO: 10665/217702 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Saudi Arabia	Min of Health, Saudi Arabia, WHO	WHO/SE/78.122 [Coissued as GC WP/78.39]	WHO: 10665/68255
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6,21	WHO: 10665/68264

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
WHO INTENSIFIED SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAMME
SMALLPOX SURVEILLANCE REPORTS and WER
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 98, 16 Nov 1973 Asian sub-continent. Botswana. Importations: Somalia, French Territory of the Afars and Issas, Nepal	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(46):434-8	WHO: 10665/219623 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 130, 19 Nov 1976 Ethiopia, Somalia. Smallpox and the smallpox programme in Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(47):360-2	WHO: 10665/221123 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	WER, 11Feb 1977. Smallpox. Somalia: Last known case on Jan 17 1977.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(6):62-3	WHO: 10665/221225
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 132, 4 Mar 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(9):85-8	WHO: 10665/221260 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	WER, 1 Apr 1977. Smallpox eradication programme. 1) First Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication (Nairobi, Kenya, 14-16 Mar 1977); 2) Somalia: 2 cases reported	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(13):120-1	WHO: 10665/221296
1977	WER, 15 Apr 1977. Smallpox. Somalia: 13 additional cases detected.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(15):139	WHO: 10665/221320
1977	WER, 13 May 1977. Smallpox surveillance. Somalia: 114 additional cases detected; total 100 outbreaks since 1 Jan 1977.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(19):167	WHO: 10665/221355
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 134, 10 Jun 1977 Kenya	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(23):193-5	WHO: 10665/221385 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	WER, 24 Jun 1977. Smallpox surveillance. Somalia: Total 1567 cases detected since 1 Jan 1977.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(25):211	WHO: 10665/221404
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 135, 22 Jul 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(29):240-2	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 136, 26 Aug 1977 Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(34):277-9	WHO: 10665/221508 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 137, 7 Oct 1977 Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 138, 9 Dec 1977 Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(49):389-91	WHO: 10665/221645 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 142, 4 Aug 1978 Global certification of smallpox eradication. Progress towards certification: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia; Sudan, Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 53(31):229-32	WHO: 10665/222009 DAH: Chesney Med Arch

1977	Diagnostic specimen form submitted for Ali Maow Maalin, the world's last case of natural smallpox, 31 Oct 1977.		Dr Karl Markvart	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Emergency logistical operation (for containment of the smallpox epidemic in Somalia)	Hauge R, Wickett J	WHO/SE/77.99	WHO: 10665/68226
1977	Smallpox: outbreak in Somalia slows rapid progress toward eradication	Boffey PM	Science 1977 196(4296):1298-9	DOI: 10.1126/science.196.4296.1298
1978	Operational guidelines for smallpox operations in Somalia		SME/78.1 Rev 1	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1978	Plan of action for the smallpox eradication programme in Somalia, 1978-1979	Deria A, Ježek Z, Foster SO	SME/78.3	WHO: 10665/68308
1978	Recommendations Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, 17-19 Apr 1978		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	Outbreak containment in the Somalia smallpox eradication programme	Deria A, Ježek Z, Foster SO	WHO/SE/78.104	WHO: 10665/68232
1978	Smallpox transmission in an isolated nomadic group	Foster SO, Abdulgadir HES, Kamaluddin HA	WHO/SE/78.105	WHO: 10665/68233
1978	A smallpox outbreak in Merka town, Somalia	--	WHO/SE/78.123	WHO: 10665/68256
1978	Smallpox eradication in Somalia: Status report, 1 Oct 1978		WHO/SE/78.128 [Coissued as GC WP/78.14]	WHO: 10665/68266
1978	Residual skin changes in patients who have recovered from variola minor	Jezek Z, Hardjotanojo W	WHO/SE/78.131 andBull WHO 1980 58(1):139-40	WHO: 10665/68263 PMCID: PMC2395885
1978	Spread of smallpox among a Somali nomadic group	Foster SO, Abdulgadir HES, Deria A	Lancet 1978 2(8094):831-3	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92603-x
1978	[Recent smallbox epidemics in Ethiopia and Somalia, human monkey pox virus infections and the impossibilities of world eradication of the smallpox]. French	Merklen FP	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(1):11-9
1978	[Last epidemic of smallpox in the world]. Polish	Olakowski T	Przegl Epidemiol 1978 32(4):447-54
1979	An evaluation of the effectiveness of smallpox surveillance and containment in Somalia	Ježek Z, Deria A	SME/79.2	WHO: 10665/68315
1979	A possible case of camelpox in man	Kříž B	SME/79.7	WHO: 10665/68318
1979	Nomadic population movement in south-western Somalia and its influence on the planning of smallpox surveillance	Kříž B, Hatfield R	SME/79.12	WHO: 10665/68314
1979	The hunters of Somalia	Col. Musa Rabile Goud, Min of Health	World Health 1979 Oct:14-5	WHO: 10665/368355
1979	Joint meeting of the International Commissions for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication from the Horn of Africa and the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. Nairobi, Kenya, Oct 1979
	— Smallpox eradication in Somalia. Report to the International Commission on the Smallpox Eradication Programme in Somalia	Min of Health, Somalia (Deria A), WHO (Jezek Z, Al Aghbari MK, Hatfield R, Tulloch J, ed)	WHO/SE/79.145	WHO: 10665/68278
	— Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Somalia, 1-21 Oct 1979		WHO/SE/79.146	WHO: 10665/68279
	— Joint Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Countries of the Horn of Africa, Nairobi, 26 Oct 1979	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/79.150	WHO: 10665/68283
1980	Vehicle maintenance in the smallpox eradication programme in Somalia, 1977-1979	Hatfield R	WHO/SE/80.155	WHO: 10665/67098
1980	Residual facial skin changes in varicella patients [Expanded version pubished as Facial scarring after varicella: A comparison with variola major and variola minor]	Ježek Z, Hardjotanojo W, Rangaraj AG	SME/80.1 and Am J Epidemiol 1981 114(6):798-803	WHO: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/68321 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113250
1980	An estimation of past smallpox incidence in South-western Somalia	Kříž B	SME/80.7	WHO: 10665/68330
1980	The world's last endemic case of smallpox: Surveillance and containment measures	Deria A, Ježek Z, Markvart K, Carrasco P, Weisfeld J	Bull WHO 1980 58(2):279-83	PMCID: PMC2395794
1982	A study of camelpox in Somalia	Kříž B	J Comp Pathol 1982 92(1):1-8	DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(82)90037-8
1983	Smallpox eradication in Somali nomadic encampments: The search for a culturally acceptable method of case detection, case isolation, and outbreak control	Foster SO, Deria A	Med Anthropol 1983 7(2):19-25	DOI: 10.1080/01459740.1983.9987032
1981	[Liquidation of the last foci of variola in the world -- Somalia (author's transl)] Czech	Ježek Z, Kříž B, Masar I, Zikmund V, Markvart K, Straka S	Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1981 30(2):113-24
2011	Smallpox Eradication After 30 Years: Lessons, Legacies and Innovations. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 24-27 Aug 2010
	— The emergency campaign for smallpox eradication from Somalia (1977-1979)--revisited	Deria A	Vaccine 2011 29 Suppl 4:D36-40	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.039
	— Logistics in smallpox: the legacy	Wickett J, Carrasco P	Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D131-4	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.043

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
HISTORICAL SMALLPOX & ITS CONTROL
1898	Small-pox in the Soudan		Br Med J 1898 2(1970):1003-4	PMC: PMC2434320
1974	Smallpox in the Sudan 1925-1964	Bayoumi A	East Afr Med J 1974 51(1):131-40
1976	The history and traditional treatment of smallpox in the Sudan	Bayoumi A	J East Afr Res Dev 1976 1:1-10
1981	Smallpox in the Sudan	Hartwig GW	Int J Afr Hist Stud 1981 14(1):5-33

WHO INTENSIFIED SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAMME
SMALLPOX SURVEILLANCE REPORTS & WER
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Africa. Sudan. No further cases after 1 confirmed case	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Aug 25 42(34):394	WHO: 10665/216173
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 9, 27 Sep 1968 Eastern and Southern Africa. Epidemic: Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(39):494-9	WHO: 10665/216813 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Africa, Jan 31 1969 Sudan. Outbreak, origin not reported; 7 cases	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(5):97	WHO: 10665/217025
1969	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Africa, Feb 7 1969 Sudan. Outbreak; 3 additional cases	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(6):109	WHO: 10665/217035
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreaks in non-endemic countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Sudan, South Africa. Brazil: Outbreak in a city 100% vaccinated	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(8):150-8	WHO: 10665/217064 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 29, 15 Aug 1969 Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(33):497-502	WHO: 10665/217337 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 46, 28 Aug 1970 Epidemic: Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(35):368-72	WHO: 10665/217877 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 58, 4 Jun 1971 Ethiopia. Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(23):228-33	WHO: 10665/218358 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 73, 30 Jun 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(26):249-51	WHO: 10665/218953 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 76, 18 Aug 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(33):313-5	WHO: 0665/219033 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 78, 15 Sep 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(37):345-7	WHO: 10665/219076 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 83, 22 Dec 1972 Sudan and Ethiopia. Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(51/52):494-6	WHO: 10665/219199 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 86, 23 Feb 1973 Sudan and Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(8):93-6	WHO: 10665/219274 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 88, 30 Mar 1973 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(13):143-5	WHO: 10665/219326 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 91, 1 Jun 1973 Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(22):231-4	WHO: 10665/219406 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 95, 31 Aug 1973 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(35):348-50	WHO: 10665/219520 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	WER. Plan of operations. First Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication. Nairobi, Kenya, 14-16 Mar 1977. [Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan] 1 Apr 1977	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(13):120-1	WHO: 10665/221296
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 137, 7 Oct 1977 Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 142, 4 Aug 1978 Global certification of smallpox eradication. Progress towards certification: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia; Sudan, Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 53(31):229-32	WHO: 10665/222009 DAH: Chesney Med Arch

1968	Status of smallpox eradication activities: Sudan Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, Dem Rep Congo, 19-26 Nov 1968		SE/68.20	WHO: 10665/67964
1972	Mecca pilgrimage: the socio-medical problems it presents in Sudan	Bayoumi A	Sudan Med J 1972 10:108-16
1973	Active search operations: Equatoria Province, Sudan	Lepkowski J, Suleiman OHM, Osman AHS	WHO/SE/73.60	WHO: 10665/67623
1974	The mystery of the smallpox cases in the Lafit Mountains, Equatoria Provinces, Sudan	Bassett DC, Kibaida G, Osman AHS	WHO/SE/74.67	WHO: 10665/67638
1978	The eradication of smallpox in Sudan		SME/78.13
1979	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Sudan, 15-29 November 1978	--	WHO/SE/79.134 [Coissued as GC WP/78.3]	WHO: 10665/68267

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Report to the members of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Syrian Arab Republic	Min of Health, Syrian Arab Republic; WHO	WHO/SE/78.111 [Coissued as GC WP/78.24]	WHO: 10665/68239
1978	Visit report of the members of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Syrian Arab Republic, 15-22 October 1978	--	WHO/SE/78.126 [Coissued as GC WP/78.23]	WHO: 10665/68259
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 7,21	WHO: 10665/68264

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Recommendations of the Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication. Nairobi, 17-19 April 1978		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	Smallpox eradication in the Yemen Arab Republic: Status report, November 1978		SME/78.23	WHO: 10665/68303
1979	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Yemen Arab Republic, June 1979	Min of Health, Yemen Arab Republic; WHO (Steinglass RC)	WHO/SE/79.138	WHO: 10665/68271
1979	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Yemen Arab Republic, 2-10 June 1979		WHO/SE/79.139	WHO: 10665/68272