Target Zero: Operations

Principles & Operations Surveillance Reports 'Target Zero' Progress Reports Meetings & Seminars World Health Assembly International Commissions Global Commission

Overview

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1959	Organization of a smallpox eradication service		WHO/Smallpox/10 [Copy annotated by Zdeno Ježek]	WHO: 10665/67142 [DAH: Chesney Med Arch]
	Note: Dr. Ježek served as director of WHO's Div of Communicble Diseases during 1963-1970, then as a regional adviser for the ISEP in India and Somalia.
1960	Organization of a smallpox eradication service Inter-Regional Smallpox Conference, New Delhi, India, 14-19 Nov 1960	Arasteh C	SEA/SPX/Conf 10
1964	WHO Expert Committee on Smallpox, Geneva, 14-20 January 1964
	— Organization of a smallpox eradication campaign	WHO Secretariat	WHO/Smallpox/20 and WHO/Smallpox/20 Corr.1	WHO: 10665/67654 WHO: 10665/67656
	— The planning, organization and execution of smallpox vaccination campaign in Pakistan	Haque NS	Smallpox/WP/13	WHO: 10665/67664
	— Planning, organization and execution of national smallpox eradication campaign in India	Lal KM	Smallpox/WP/19	WHO: 10665/67673
1964	Letter to Dr W Charles Cockburn, 22 Dec 1964	DA Henderson		DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	NOTE: Dr Cockburn was head of the WHO Virus diseases unit, Division of Communicable Diseases. Henderson (Chief, Surveillance section, Epidemiology branch, CDC) expressed regret that CDC, with its work on smallpox, was not included in the WHO committee tasked to write a report on smallpox eradication for the 1965 World Health Assembly. He detailed several points that "merit[ed] discussion", including research, surveillance, quality vaccine, and the tailoring of programs to area needs. Henderson was subsequently given a 3-month consultancy with WHO.
1966	Letter Dr Benjamin D Blood, 5 Jan 1966.	DA Henderson		DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	Note: Dr Blood was Acting Chief of the Office of International Health, US Public Health Service, and a former US delegate to the World Health Assembly. Henderson (Acting Director, Smallpox UNIT, CDC) expressed concerns about the adequacy of the funds and staffing proposed in the Director-General's report to the Executive Board EB 37/23 for the WHO global Smallpox Eradication Programme.
1966	Global eradication of smallpox IX International Congress for Microbiology, Moscow, USSR, July 1966	Raška K	SE/66.2	WHO: 10665/67938

Handbook for Smallpox Eradication Programmes in Endemic Areas

1967 (1st revision). SEP unit, WHO; SE/67/5 Rev 1
257 pgs; WHO: 10665/67940

HANDBOOK FOR SMALLPOX ERADICATION PROGRAMMES IN ENDEMIC AREAS

FOREWORD

This Manual has been developed as a guide for WHO staff and senior staff of National Smallpox Eradication Programmes. The principles set forth and the procedures suggested have been based on extensive staff and consultant experiences in field epidemiology and in different types of vaccination campaigns, as well as on recent experiences with smallpox eradication programmes in several parts of the world.

To date, however, no programme of the magnitude and general character of the present project has ever been undertaken and thus there is much which is yet unknown. It is also evident that no manual could provide a satisfactory single blue-print which would be universally applicable, considering the many smallpox endemic countries and the vast differences in present health structures, personnel and policies, population characteristics and attitudes, geography and climate. Further, it is clear that the many countries which have thus far become smallpox-free have achieved this status by a number of different approaches.

This Manual, therefore, has been developed not as a rigid text but as a description of basic principles which, in the informed judgement of the many who participated in its preparation, should facilitate the progress of eradication nationally and globally. Purposefully, every effort has been made to simplify methods and procedures, recognizing, of course, that in a few countries a more complex and sophisticated scheme may be elaborated from these basic principles.

A Manual such as this must continually evolve as the global programme progresses and must constantly be subjected to query and criticism. In cognizance of the fact that the most vigorous testing and scrutiny of the principles set forth will take place during the first years of the programme, the Manual has been distributed initially in "draft" form with the expectation that a more definitive text would be developed after a year's experience.

From all concerned, comments and suggestions with respect to the Manual are welscome.

SE/67.5 Rev 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title, Contents, Foreword and Introduction
Smallpox: Clinical and laboratory diagnosis
Vaccination: Technical considerations
- Smallpox vaccine: Vaccinia virus strains; vaccine production, standards, and testing
- Vaccination: Mechanics, clinical response, complications, contraindications, simultaneous multiple vaccines
Operations
- Principles & background
- Administrative authority & financing
- Organization and planning: Collection of information; basic approaches; priorities; inter-country co-ordination; advance publicity; assessment; surveillance
- Staffing and personnel management: Job descriptions; recruitment, training, retention; local volunteers; supervision
- Initial contacts; local logistics; design and operation of vaccination posts; accountability for equipment
Education for cooperation
- Information needs; facts to be conveyed; action required
- Participation & influence of national and local groups and authorities
- Staff training
- Mechanisms for information and education
Assessment
- Tabulation of numbers of vaccinations performed
- Field evaluation of vaccination success & extent of coverage
- Utilization of data obtained
- Vaccination and smallpox scar surveys; challenge vaccination; serological surveys
Surveillance
- Principles of execution of a surveillance system
- Analysis & interpretation of reported data & investigations
- Corrective action based on reports and analyses
- Distribution of data & interpretations to all concerned with disease control activities
- Intensity of surveillance and field investigations
- Outbreak-control procedures
Smallpox eradication and the general health services
- General considerations with respect to mass campaigns and the general health services
- Specific consideration with respect to the smallpox programme
Essentials of health legislation
- Compulsory vaccination and revaccination
- Prohibition of variolation and arm-to-arm vaccination
- Isolation procedures at the time of an outbreak
- Reporting of cases
- International Sanitary Regulations
Administrative support
- Budget
- Organizational structure
- Supply services: Warehouse, methods of storage, security, personnel, forms, supervision & control of services; imported supplies and equipment; freeze-fried vaccine shipments
- Transport: Supervision, control, preventive maintenance
- Special equipment: Vaccination kits
Areas of particular interest for field research investigation
- Descriptive epidemiology of smallpox
- Specific epidemiological indices assessable without laboratory facilities
- Investigations requiring laboratory assistance
- Multiple antigen administration
- Suitable strains of vaccinia virus for vaccine production
- Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapeutic agents
- Operational and sociological studies
Annex: Reports to WHO

Surveillance & Containment

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1963	The surveillance of communicable diseases of national importance	Langmuir AD	N Engl J Med 1963 268:182-92	DOI: 10.1056/NEJM196301242680405
2016	The development of surveillance systems	Henderson DA	Am J Epidemiol 2016 183(5):381-6	DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv229
1964	The epidemiological surveillance programme	Raska K	J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1964 8:137-68
1966	Preliminary notes on epidemiological surveillance in smallpox eradication programmes in endemic countries	Smallpox unit, WHO	SE/66.3	WHO: 10665/67939
1968	Background document for reference use at the Technical Discussions on National and Global Surveillance of Communicable Diseases	Langmuir AD, CDC Epidemiological surveillance unit	A21/Technical Discussions/1	WHO: 10665/143763
1968	Report of the Technical Discussions on National and Global Surveillance of Communicable Diseases 21st World Health Assembly, 6-24 May 1968		А21/Technical Discussions/5	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	Surveillance: The key to smallpox eradication WHO Inter-Regional Course on Methods of Epidemiological Surveillance, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Aug 1968	Henderson DA	WHO/SE/68.2 [Corr.1[	WHO: 10665/67459 [WHO: 10665/67460
	Note: The course, scheduled for 12-31 Aug 1968, was concluded Aug 22 following this presentation because of the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the USSR on the night of Aug 20-21 1968. See Henderson's first-hand account One day in Prague.
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report No. 23, 2 May 1969 Strategy of the smallpox surveillance and containment programme, Western and Central Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(18):297-303	WHO: 10665/217190 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Negative epidemiological enquiries within the framework of the smallpox eradication programme	Glokpor GF	WHO/SE/69.12	WHO: 10665/67467
1969	[Epidemiological surveillance and its role in immunization programs] Spanish	Raska K	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1969 66(5):450-64	PAHO: 10665.2/14525
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Results of investigation and control programme in Sierra Leone	Cummings EC, Hopkins DR, Thornton JN	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):41-4	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Use of house-to-house surveys in finding smallpox cases	Agle AN	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):45-6	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Smallpox surveillance in the strategy of global eradication	Henderson DA	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):46-52	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The value of surveillance newsletters	Smith EA, Foster SO	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):53-7	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The surveillance system and methods used to improve reporting, I. Togo	Agbodjan LP	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):58-9	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The surveillance system and methods used to improve reporting, II. Dahomey	Yekpe M	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):60-2	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The surveillance system and methods used to improve reporting, III. Niger	Alzouma I	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):63-5	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Surveillance techniques for detecting importations of smallpox	Grant FC	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):66-68	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Assessment of surveillance systems in West Africa	Henderson RH	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):69-72	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Summary: Surveillance	Henderson DA	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):73-74	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Experiences in Upper Volta with intercountry coordination of containment activities	d'Amanda C	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):80-81	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Smallpox eradication in Africa: Principles for action in the maintenance phase	Binson B	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):177-180	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Maintenance of smallpox immunity among the nomads	Alzouma I	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):181-182	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Investigation of imported cases during the Smallpox Eradication Programme in Cameroon	Delas A	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):183-187	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Summary: Maintenance programmes	Millar JD	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):188-189	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Nov - 5 Dec 1970
	– Surveillance in the Brazilian smallpox eradication programme, 1970	de Faria GB, de Carvalho Filho EC, Rodrigues BA, Ponce de Leon J	WHO/SE/71.30:60-70	WHO: 10665/67488 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Smallpox surveillance in Afghanistan	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/71.30:80-91 [also issued as SE/WP/70.24]	WHO: 10665/67488 DAH: Chesney Med Arch [WHO: 10665/68065]
	– Surveillance of smallpox in East Pakistan	Markvart K, Huq AMM, Islam AIMS	WHO/SE/71.30:182-94	WHO: 10665/67488 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Surveillance activities of the Smallpox Eradication Programme in West Pakistan	Khawaja MB, Adibzadeh F	WHO/SE/71.30:195-206 [also issued as SE/WP/70.11]	WHO: 10665/67488 DAH: Chesney Med Arch [WHO: 10665/68047]
	– Teaching exercise. Field investigation. Problem for students; Syllabus for the discussion leaders		SE/WP/70.31, SE/WP/70.31a	WHO: 10665/68074 WHO: 10665/68075
1970	Smallpox surveillance in the strategy of global eradication	Henderson DA	Health Cent J [India] 1970 12:59-66	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Teaching exercise. Field investigation of a smallpox case: Problem for students; Syllabus for the discussion leaders [Includes color photographs]		SE/71.1	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1971	Development of the smallpox surveillance programme in Andhra Pradesh	Apparao MC	WHO/SE/71.27	WHO: 10665/67485
1972	Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. III. Outbreak detection and interlocality transmission	Thomas DB, Mack TM, Ali A, Muzaffar Khan M	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(2):178-189 [reprinted in Am J Epidemiol 1995 141(6) 490-501; commentary: DA Henderson]	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121383 [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117463] [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112194]
1972	Inter-Country Seminar on Surveillance in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Oct - 2 Nov 1972
	– Tracing of the source of infection	Singh I	SE/WP/72.5	WHO: 10665/68104
	– Conquest of smallpox in Maharashtra State: Containment and follow-up measures; failures and achievements	Aphale RV	SE/WP/72.9	WHO: 10665/68109
	– The use of surveillance teams in Bangladesh	Huq AMM, Kashem JA	SE/WP/72.15	WHO: 10665/68093
	– Development of a reporting system in Uttar Pradesh	Dube RD	SE/WP/72.16	WHO: 10665/68094
	– Consequences of poor reporting: An experience encountered in Gulbarga District, Mysore State, South India	Rao RR	SE/WP/72.19	WHO: 10665/68097
1972	Teaching exercise—smallpox surveillance. Syllabus for discussion leaders		SE/72.7	WHO: 10665/68037
1972	Smallpox surveillance in the strategy of global eradication	Henderson DA	SE/72.8 and Health Centre J [India] 1970 12:59-66	WHO: 10665/68038
1974	International Assessment of Smallpox Eradication in Indonesia, 15-26 Apr 1974
	– Indonesia 1972: Some smallpox surveillance patterns	Cuboni GGO, Emmet W, Rai NK, Karyadi A, Setiady IF	WHO/SE/74.63	WHO: 10665/67629
	– Indonesia 1971/72: Smallpox vaccinators as surveillance workers	Cuboni GGO, Emmet W, Koswara PA, Rai NK, Karyadi A, Setiady IF	WHO/SE/74.66	WHO: 10665/67636
1974	A field day for smallpox in Sibpur, Bangladesh	Rangaraj AG, Yusuf MA	WHO/SE/74.65	WHO: 10665/67634
1974	The 1972 smallpox outbreak in Khulna Municipality, Bangladesh. II. Effectiveness of surveillance and containment in urban epidemic control	Sommer A	SE/74.1 and Am J Epidemiol 1974 99(4):303-13	WHO: 10665/68045 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121615
1974	Smallpox surveillance status in India	Basu RN	J Commun Dis 1974 6:974
1974	[System of epidemiologic surveillance] Spanish	Fossaert H, Llopis A, Tigre CH	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1974 76(6):512-28	PAHO: 10665.2/10777
1975	Surveillance of smallpox	Henderson DA	WHO/SE/75.76 andInt J Epidemiol 1976 5(1):19-28	WHO: 10665/68178 DOI: 10.1093/ije/5.1.19
1975	Smallpox outbreak field form: Aurangabad District, Bihar State, India. Completed 17 Jan 1975	Field investigation team	DA Henderson personal archive	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Map of cases in Bhola Island village: Location of the last case of smallpox in Bangladesh and Asia. Oct 1975	Bangladesh field team	DA Henderson personal archive	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Surveilance for smallpox eradication	Basu RN	Swasth Hind 1975 19(4):112-5
1976	Smallpox surveillance in remote and inaccessible areas of India	Ježek Z, Arora RR, Arya ZS, Hussain Z	WHO/SE/76.79 andSwasth Hind 1976 20(7):209-21 andIndian J Public Health 1978 22(1):56-62	WHO: 10665/68184
1976	Freedom from smallpox. Case histories on four countries where cases were missed for extended periods [Brazil, Botswana, Indonesia, Nigeria]	Henderson DA	WHO/SE/76.85 Corr.1	WHO: 10665/70473
1976	The impact of city surveillance teams in Bangladesh during the smallpox eradication campaign	Vetter NJ, Mehta H, Tarantola D	Int J Epidemiol 1976 5(4):353-7	DOI: 10.1093/ije/5.4.353
1977	Surveillance at weekly markets in the smallpox eradication programme in India	Basu RN, Khodakevich LN	WHO/SE/77.94 and Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):44-9	WHO: 10665/68216
1977	Emergency logistical operation (for containment of the smallpox epidemic in Somalia)	Hauge R, Wickett J	WHO/SE/77.99	WHO: 10665/68226
1978	Smallpox pock mark survey in Bangladesh, with an assessment of reporting efficiency	Hughes K, Foster SO, Tarantola D, Joarder AK	WHO/SE/78.102	WHO: 10665/68230
1978	Outbreak containment in the Somalia smallpox eradication programme	Deria A, Ježek Z, Foster SO	WHO/SE/78.104	WHO: 10665/68232
1978	Fever with rash surveillance in India	Ježek Z, Basu RN, Arya ZS, Gupta M	Indian J Public Health 1978 22(2):120-6
1978	Surveillance among the pavement dwellers in Calcutta and Howrath	Roy GC, Ghosh NC	Indian J Public Health 1978 22(2):127-33
1979	Nomadic population movement in south-western Somalia and its influence on the planning of smallpox surveillance	Kříž B, Hatfield R	SME/79.12	WHO: 10665/68314
1979	An evaluation of the effectiveness of smallpox surveillance and containment in Somalia	Ježek Z, Deria A	SME/79.2	WHO: 10665/68315
1980	The world's last endemic case of smallpox: Surveillance and containment measures	Deria A, Ježek Z, Markvart K, Carrasco P, Weisfeld J	Bull WHO 1980 58(2):279-83	PMCID: PMC2395794
1980	Smallpox surveillance in Bangladesh: I - Development of surveillance containment strategy	Foster SO, Ward NA, Joarder AK, Arnt N, Tarantola D, Rahman M, Hughes K	Int J Epidemiol 1980 9(4):329-34	DOI: 10.1093/ije/9.4.329
1980	Smallpox surveillance in Bangladesh: II - Smallpox facial scar survey assessment of surveillance effectiveness	Hughes K, Foster SO, Tarantola D, Mehta H, Tulloch JL, Joarder AK	Int J Epidemiol 1980 9(4):335-40	DOI: 10.1093/ije/9.4.335
1989	Surveillance systems and intergovernmental cooperation [unpublished] Conference on Emerging Viruses, Fogarty Intl Center, Washington DC, May 1989	Henderson DA		DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1995	[Letter] Surveillance-containment is key to eradication of smallpox	Baxby D	Br Med J 1995 310(6971):62	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.310.6971.62b PMCID: PMC2548471
2003	Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa: surveillance-containment or herd immunity?	Kaplan EH, Wein LM	Epidemiology 2003 14(1):90-2	DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200301000-00021
2005	Surveillance and control measures during smallpox outbreaks	Kerrod E, Geddes AM, Regan M, Leach S	Emerg Infect Dis 2005 11(2):291-7	DOI: 10.3201/eid1102.040609 PMCID: PMC3320452
2006	Mass vaccination and surveillance/containment in the eradication of smallpox	Lane JM	Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006 304:17-29	DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36583-4_2 PMCID: PMC7120753

Assessment

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1960	Evaluation of smallpox vaccination programs [Evaluation of smallpox vaccination programs] French	Cruickshank R	WHO/Smallpox/15 English (incomplete) [French, complete]	WHO: 10665/67152 [WHO: 10665/67153]
1964	Assessment and evaluation of the national smallpox eradication programme in different parts of India WHO Expert Committee on Smallpox. Geneva, Switzerland, 14-20 Jan 1964	Lal KM	Smallpox/WP/26	WHO: 10665/67680
1967	Smallpox eradication surveillance report, Draft 2, Dec 1967 A pilot assessment project—Kano, Nigeria	Smith EA, Adeoye PO, Jones CJ	SE/SR/67.2 pp 14-7	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1967	Smallpox eradication surveillance report, Draft 2, Dec 1967 Assessment by market surveys: Upper Volta, Ivory Coast	CDC	SE/SR/67.2 pp 18-9	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1967	Smallpox eradication surveillance report, Draft 2, Dec 1967 Assessment survey—Laos	Phetsiriseng T, Falkland S	SE/SR/67.2 pp 20-1	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	Instructions and sample data form for field assessment		SE/68.16, SE/68.17	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Assessment of Phase I of the Smallpox Eradication/Measles Control Program of Niger: 8-22 Jan 1969	Henderson RH	CDC/USAID West Africa Smallpox Eradication/Measles Control Program	GHC: globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/3047
1969	Joint WHO/CDC/USAID Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Principles of assessment	Henderson RH	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):86-89	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Concurrent assessment during the smallpox eradication/measles control programme in Guinea - December 1967 through February 1969	Alécaut B, Breman JG, Famba MK	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):90-96	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Concurrent assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Programme in Mid-West State, Nigeria	Mebitaghan IS, Okoh PA	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):97-102	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Assessment in the Central African Republic	Ewen N	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):103-108	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Assessment of vaccination coverage and smallpox in five areas of West Africa. A summary of terminal assessment results	Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins D	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):109-132	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Summary: Concurrent assessment	Millar JD	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):133-135	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Nov - 5 Dec 1970
	– Assessment of the smallpox vaccination program in Afghanistan	Salehi MY	WHO/SE/71.30:98-102 [also issued as SE/WP/70.28]	DAH: Chesney Med Arch [WHO: 10665/68070]
	– Scar surveys as a tool for evaluation and supervision of the smallpox eradication programme, East Java Province, Indonesia	Witjaksono H	SE/WP/70.26	WHO: 10665/68068
	– Scar survey in smallpox eradication programme of West Pakistan	Khawaja MB, Adibzadeh F	SE/WP/70.27	WHO: 10665/68069
1971	Survey of vaccination status and past smallpox experience of an urban population of West Pakistan	Ali A, Heiner GG	Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):327-340	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121327
1972	Inter-Country Seminar on Surveillance in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Oct - 2 Nov 1972
	– "Encourage and appreciate immediate reporting of smallpox": Methods to determine the efficacy of the programme	Ahuja AS	SE/WP/72.3	WHO: 10665/68102
	– Methods to ascertain the smallpox transmission in an area has been interrupted	Verma SD	SE/WP/72.4	WHO: 10665/68103
1972	Persistence of facial scars of smallpox in West African populations	Foster SO	WHO/SE/72.34	WHO: 10665/67492
1972	Report on a survey to determine the status of smallpox and levels of smallpox immunity [Argentina]	Hiriart JJ, da Silveira CM	WHO/SE/72.37	WHO: 10665/67498
1972	Paraguay: report on a survey to determine the status of smallpox and levels of smallpox immunity	--	WHO/SE/72.38	WHO: 10665/67499
1972	Assessment of smallpox immunity status in Haryana state by scar survey 1970	Chopra RL, Mehta JN	Indian J Public Health 1972 16(3):123-30
1973	Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa	Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins DL, Foege WH	Bull WHO 1973-c 48(2):183-94	PMCID: PMC2481004
1975	Summary of the report of the Committee for Assessment of National Smallpox Eradication Programme [India]		NIHAE Bull 1975 8(2):136-7
1976	Assessment of Ladakh smallpox eradication programme activities	Ježek Z, Kanth MH	WHO/SE/76.81 [and Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):63-74]	WHO: 10665/68188
1977	The National Commission for Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Programme in India	Basu RN, Khodakevich LN	WHO/SE/77.95 [and Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):16-30]	WHO: 10665/68218
1977	Reinvestigation of smallpox outbreaks	Ježek Z, Basu RN, Arya ZS	WHO/SE/77.96 [and Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):82-94]	WHO: 10665/68220
1977	Problem of persistence of facial pockmarks among smallpox patients	Ježek Z, Basu RN, Arya ZS	WHO/SE/77.97 [and Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):95-101]	WHO: 10665/68222
1978	Smallpox pock mark survey in Bangladesh, with an assessment of reporting efficiency	Hughes K, Foster SO, Tarantola D, Joarder AK	WHO/SE/78.102	WHO: 10665/68230
1978	[Global program for eliminating smallpox. IV. Chief stages, organizational principles and assessment of the global program for smallpox elimination]. Russian	Ladnyi ID	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 (7):38-44
2007	Preparedness for a smallpox outbreak: comparing metrics for assessing levels of vaccination among health-care workers by state	Bass SB, Ruzek SB, Gordon TF, Hanlon AL	Epidemiol Infect 2007 135(4):622-33	DOI: 10.1017/S0950268806007229 PMCID: PMC2870609

Cooperation & Coordination

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1960	Inter-Regional Smallpox Conference. New Delhi, India, 14-19 November 1960
	– International aspects of smallpox eradication	WHO Secretariat	WHO/Smallpox/14	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Co-ordination of smallpox eradication campaign with other campaigns and with the general activities of the public health service	Chandravimol P	SEA/SPX/Conf 7
1964	Health education in smallpox eradication	Bharara SS	Swasth Hind 1964 8:45-7
1966	Observations on inter-relationships between smallpox eradication and public health services		SE/66.1	WHO: 10665/67937
1966	Role of health education in smallpox eradication programme	Verma SS	Indian J Public Health 1970 14(4):129-35 1966 10:28-9
1968	Case study of community perception of smallpox vaccination and applied community health education	Lal A, Sharma SK	Ind Med Gaz 1968 8:55-67
1969	Joint WHO/USAID/CDC Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– Intercountry cooperation and coordination. An overview	Lythcott GI	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):76-77	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Proposals for intercountry coordination	Tchellé L	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):78-79	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Experiences in Upper Volta with intercountry coordination of containment activities	d'Amanda C	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):80-81	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Benefits of intercountry coordination	Agle AN	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):82	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Advantages and disadvantages of specialized and multi-purpose medical teams	Roux JM	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):208-212	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	International cooperation in the smallpox eradication programme Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Nov - 5 Dec 1970	Thaung U, Myat UA	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 104-7	WHO: 10665/67488
1972	Inter-Country Seminar on Surveillance in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Oct - 2 Nov 1972
	– "Encourage and appreciate immediate reporting of smallpox;: Methods to determine the efficacy of the programme	Ahuja AS	SE/WP/72.3	WHO: 10665/68102
	– Cross notification in smallpox eradication	Rao MCA	SE/WP/72.20	WHO: 10665/68099
1973	Attitudes and knowledge about smallpox immunization among mothers	Gulati PV, Amar S	Indian J Pediatr 1973 40(9):312-6
1975	Parental knowledge and attitude to smallpox vaccination in a rural community of south India	Rao DC	Indian J Pediatr 1975 42(2):46-51
1975	Role of voluntary organisations in intensified campaign against smallpox in Chotanagpur District, Bihar	Bharucha PB	J Commun Dis 1975 7(3):218-21
1976	Health education measures for smallpox eradication	Sandhu SK, Mishra US	Swasth Hind 1976 20(7):205-8
1977	Summary of the contributions of the smallpox programme to other health programmes through surveys in Bangladesh		WHO/SE/77.91	WHO: 10665/68210
2003	Public resistance or cooperation? A tale of smallpox in two cities	Leavitt JW	Biosecur Bioterror 2003 1(3):185-92	DOI: 10.1089/153871303769201833
2011	[Smallpox and vaccine in Brazil in the 20th century: institutionalization of health education] Portuguese; Engl abstract	Fernandes TM, Chagas DC, de Souza EM	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):479-789	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200011

Documents | Smallpox: Eradication Program | Principles & Operations

Overview

Handbook for Smallpox Eradication Programmes in Endemic Areas

Surveillance & Containment

Assessment

Cooperation & Coordination

Operations and Logistics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1969	Joint WHO/CDC/USAID Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	– A review of West African operations: Methods and tactics	Hicks JW	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):192-198	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– The value, efficiency, and limitations of collecting points in mass vaccination programmes	Smith EA, Foster SO, Adetosoye JI, Mebitaghan IS, Adeoye PO, Pifer JM	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):199-204	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Advantages and disadvantages of specialized and multi-purpose medical teams	Roux JM	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):208-212	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Associated vaccine campaigns. Organization and logistics	Labusquière R	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):216-220	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
	– Summary: Programme operations	Henderson DA	CDC, SEP Report IV(2):224-225	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1980	Vehicle maintenance in the smallpox eradication programme in Somalia, 1977-1979	Hatfield R	WHO/SE/80.155	WHO: 10665/67098
2011	Logistics in smallpox: the legacy	Wickett J, Carrasco P	Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D131-4	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.043