The Smallpox Eradication Program held frequent regional seminars and meetings. Participants included national programme staff, WHO smallpox advisers, and smallpox eradication staff from the regional offices and WHO Headquarters. WHO Regional Officers from the 4 endemic regions were invited to all meetings from 1967 to 1970 and to the 1972 seminar in New Delhi, India.
Note: This section is not complete. It includes only those meetings for which documents have so far been located.
Title | Authors | Source | |
---|---|---|---|
Epidemiological considerations of smallpox control | Soewondo R | SEA/SPX/Conf 3 | |
Report on the [Peruvian] smallpox vaccination campaign carried out during the period October 1950 - December 1955. Presented at the Seminar on Smallpox Vaccination, Lima, Peru, 20-25 Aug 1956 | de la Fuente EA | WHO/Smallpox/12 | |
Annual report of the national anti-smallpox vaccination programme in the Republic of Colombia, 1959 | WHO/Smallpox/13 | ||
Smallpox in India as assessed from the incidence of reported smallpox cases per 100,000 population by districts | Patnaik LC | SEA/SPX/Conf 8 | |
Organization of a smallpox eradication campaign | Arasteh C | SEA/SPX/Conf 10 | |
Local and social aspects of the smallpox eradication campaign | Pandit CG | SEA/SPX/Conf 4 | |
Educational aspects of the smallpox eradication campaign | Ramakrishna V | SEA/SPX/Conf 9 | |
Eradication vs control of smallpox | Frederiksen H | SEA/SPX/Conf 5 | |
[Evaluation of smallpox vaccination programs]. French | Cruickshank R | WHO/Smallpox/15 | |
Smallpox vaccine and vaccination technique | Ahmad N | SEA/SPX/Conf 6 | |
Co-ordination of smallpox eradication campaign with other campaigns and with the general activities of the public health service | Chandravimol P | SEA/SPX/Conf 7 | |
International aspects of smallpox eradication | WHO | WHO/Smallpox/14 | |
Report of the Inter-Regional Smallpox Conference | WHO/Smallpox/17 | ||
– List of participants | WHO/Smallpox/17 Annex I | ||
– Programme of work | WHO/Smallpox/17 Annex III | ||
Compulsory or voluntary vaccination | WHO Secretariat | A13 Technical Discussions 2 |
This was the first seminar conducted by the SEP. It included national and WHO staff from 13 countries of the South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific Regions. The few surviving documents were found among DA Henderson's personal papers. This compiled Conference document includes:
A 1967 WHO survey of vaccine concluded that not more than 10% of the vaccine used in endemic countries met WHO standards. The urgent need to simultaneously improve vaccine production in at least 20 laboratories prompted the Smallpox Eradication unit to convene a panel of experts. The working papers below were presented at the first meeting (WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 19-23 Mar). The panel visited and reviewed vaccine production and data at major vaccine contributors in the US and USSR. A manual on freeze-dried smallpox vaccine production was prepared at a second meeting (Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia PA, 28-30 Mar).
The manual, Methodology of Freeze-dried Smallpox Vaccine Production (SE/68.3 Rev.2), provided a step-by-step description of the simplest procedures for all stages of production and testing of a potent, stable, and safe vaccine. Never officially published by WHO, it was made widely available as a document of the Smallpox Eradication unit. It was distributed to all laboratories interested in the production of vaccine.
Note: Individual papers have not yet been located but are listed because of their significance to the programme.
Title | Authors | Source | |
---|---|---|---|
List of participants and working papers | SE/68.3 Rev.2 Appendix 19 | ||
Methodology of freeze-dried smallpox vaccine production | Kaplan C, Hekker AC | WP/1 | |
The International Reference preparation of smallpox vaccine | WP/2 | ||
Stability and preservability of freeze-dried smallpox vaccine with different moisture contents | Nomura M et al. | WP/3 | |
Relation of the PFU value to the volume of inoculum in the titration of vaccinia virus on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick embryo | Slonim D | WP/4 | |
Recommendations relating to the manufacture of smallpox vaccine | WP/5 | ||
Status of freeze-dried vaccine production | WHO | WP/6 | |
Comparison of capacities of various freeze-dryers | WHO | WP/7 | |
Effect of 1% phenol on several bacterial and viral species | Slonim D | ||
Attempt to utilize 1% phenol for bacterial sterilization of calf lymph smallpox vaccine | Slonim D | WP/9 | |
Phenolization of smallpox vaccine | Hekker AC | WP/10 | |
An alternate heat stability test | Hekker AC | WP/11 | |
Vaccine production data - Rijks Instituut | Hekker AC | WP/12 | |
Stability of reconstituted vaccine | Hekker AC | WP/13 | |
A note on the preservation of the infectious activity of vaccinia virus by means of glycerine | Slonim D | WP/14 | |
Some factors influencing quality and quantity of infectious pulp yields in calf skin inoculated with vaccinia virus | Slonim D | WP/15 | |
Vaccinia virus stability during storage in fluid suspension at +2°C to +4°C , during lyophilization procedure and during storage in lyophilized form at +37°C | Slonim D | WP/16 | |
The influence of the atmosphere of sealing on the stability of freeze-dried smallpox vaccine | Kaplan C | WP/17 | |
Virus strains for smallpox vaccine production | Marennikova SS | WP/18 | |
Production method for freeze-dried smallpox vaccine | Fenje P | WP/20 | |
Stability study on freeze-dried vaccine exposed to room atmosphere before sealing | Schneider R | WP/21 | |
Results of heat resistance testing at 37°C and 45°C of RIV Vaccine 6664 reconstituted with diluents of different glycerine contents | Hekker AC | WP/22 | |
Stability of smallpox vaccine freeze-dried with or without stabilizers and sealed under different conditions | Hekker AC | WP/23 | |
Information regarding vaccine production - Connaught Medical Research Laboratory | Wilson RJ | WP/24 | |
Dryvax® - Production and control testing experience | Bernstein A | WP/25 | |
Four extracts from papers dealing with miscellaneous aspects of freeze-dried smallpox vaccine production | WP/26 | ||
Production of smallpox vaccine on calf skin with different strains of vaccinia virus | Hekker AC | WP/27. | |
Vaccine production data - Research Institute of Virus Preparations, USSR | Marennikova SS | WP/28 | |
Stability of dried smallpox vaccine at various temperatures | Fenje P | WP/29 | |
Smallpox·vaccine production in a limited number of passages in one animal species | Marennikova SS, Milushin VN, Chimishkyan KL | WP/30 | |
Notes on smallpox vaccine production methods in South American laboratories | Fenje P | WP/31 |
This early meeting of WHO Regional Advisers discussed the programme's plans and needs, providing recommendations for WHO and its Regional Offices. The appointment of a full-time Regional Smallpox Eradication Adviser was requested. The surviving documents below are from DA Henderson's personal papers:
Southern and Eastern Africa
Title | Authors | Source | |
---|---|---|---|
[Participants and programme]. French | DA Henderson personal papers | ||
Opening speech | DA Henderson personal papers | ||
Status of smallpox eradication activities (sample data form) | SE/68.4 | ||
Status of smallpox eradication activities: Botswana | SE/68.13 | ||
Status of smallpox eradication activities: DR Congo | SE/68.11 | ||
Status of smallpox eradication activities: Kenya | SE/68.18 | ||
Status of smallpox eradication activities: Malawi | SE/68.15 | ||
Status of smallpox eradication activities: Sudan | SE/68.20 | ||
Status of smallpox eradication activities: Tanzania | SE/68.10 | ||
Status of smallpox eradication activities: Uganda | SE/68.12 | ||
Status of smallpox eradication activities: Zambia | SE/68.14 | ||
TRAINING | |||
Instructions and sample data form for field assessment | SE/68.16, SE/68.17 |
South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and African Regions
South-East Asia Region
Eastern Mediterranean Region
Title | Authors | Source | |
---|---|---|---|
Inauguration of the seminar | Henderson DA | SE/72.9 | |
Smallpox eradication project Punjab 1972. Some aspects of smallpox eradication in Lahore | Suleimanov GD | SE/WP/PAK/72.1 | |
The problem of variolating relating to the smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan | Rangaraj AG | SE/WP/PAK/72.2 | |
The smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan | Darmanger AM, Rangaraj AG | SE/WP/PAK/72.3 | |
Smallpox eradication programme Punjab 1972. Three years of experience in Punjab Province [Pakistan] | Suleimanov GD, Rafique M | SE/WP/PAK/72.4 | |
The global smallpox eradication programme—The final phase | Henderson DA | SE/72.10 |
Title | Authors | Source | |
---|---|---|---|
Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Somalia, 1-21 October 1979 | WHO/SE/79.146 | ||
Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Djibouti, 9-18 October 1979 | WHO/SE/79.147 | ||
Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Ethiopia, 1-17 October 1979 | WHO/SE/79.148 | ||
Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Kenya, 1-19 October 1979 | WHO/SE/79.149 | ||
Joint Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Countries of the Horn of Africa, Nairobi, 26 October 1979 | WHO/SE/79.150 | ||
Address of Dr Halfdan Mahler, Director-General of WHO, 26 Oct 1979. [Draft annotated by DA Henderson] |
Mahler H | DA Henderson personal papers |
Title | Authors | Source | |
---|---|---|---|
PROCEEDINGS [Publication supported by the Sabin Vaccine Institute] |
Breman JG, de Quadros CA, Gadelha P (eds) | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4)D1-D164 |
|
Editorial Board/Aims and scope | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):CO2 | ||
INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL | |||
Foreword | Roses-Periago M | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D1-D2 | |
Introduction: Meeting objectives, summary and final statement | Breman JG, de Quadros CA, Gadelha P | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D3-D5 | |
Smallpox eradication after 30 years: Lessons, legacies, and innovations | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D6 | ||
The eradication of smallpox — An overview of the past, present, and future | Henderson DA | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D7-D9 | |
LESSONS FROM SELECTED SMALLPOX-ENDEMIC COUNTRIES | |||
Lessons and innovations from the West and Central African Smallpox Eradication Program | Foege W | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D10-D12 | |
Smallpox and its eradication in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Lessons learned | Muyembe-Tamfum J-J, Mulembakani P, Lekie RB, Szczeniowski M, ... Rimoin AW | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D13-D18 | |
Lessons from smallpox eradication campaign in Bihar state and in India | Dutta M, Basu RN | Vaccine Vaccine 2010 29(11):2005-7 Reprinted in 2011 29(Suppl 4):D19-D21 | |
Smallpox eradication in Bangladesh, 1972–1976 | Foster SO, Hughes K, Tarantola D, Glasser JW | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D22-D29 | |
Experiences with smallpox eradication in Ethiopia | de Quadros CA | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D30-D35 | |
The Emergency campaign for smallpox in Somalia (1977-1979)—Revisited | Deria A | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D36-D40 | |
The certification of smallpox eradication and implications for guinea worm, poliomyelitis, and other diseases: Confirming and maintaining a negative | Breman JG, Arita I | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D41-D48 | |
ORTHOPOXVIRUSES: RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS | |||
Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: The need for development of a new generation smallpox vaccine | Shchelkunov SN | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D49-53 | |
Status of human monkeypox: Clinical disease, epidemiology and research | Damon IK | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D54-D59 | |
Whither monkeypox vaccination | Rimoin AW, Graham BS | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D60-D64 | |
Human and animal infections by vaccinia-like viruses in the state of Rio de Janeiro: A novel expanding zoonosis | Schatzmayr HG, Costa RVC, Gonçalves, D'Andréa, Barth OM | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D65-D69 | |
ERADICATION AND CONTROL: PRINCIPLES AND LESSONS FOR PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION, RESEARCH, AND EVALUATION | |||
The principles and feasibility of disease eradication | Dowdle WR, Cochi SL | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D70-D73 | |
The expanded programme on immunization: A lasting legacy of smallpox eradication | Okwo-Bele J-M, Cherian T | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D74-D79 | |
The global polio eradication initiative: Lessons learned and prospects for success | Aylward B, Tangermann R | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D80-D85 | |
Dracunculiasis eradication and the legacy of the smallpox campaign: What's new and innovative? What's old and principled? | Richards FO, Ruiz-Tiben E, Hopkins DR | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D86-D90 | |
Measles and rubella eradication in the Americas | Andrus JK, de Quadros CA, Solórzano CC, Roses-Periago M, D.A. Henderson | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D91-D96 | |
The challenge of malaria eradication in the twenty-first century: Research linked to operations is the key | Breman JG, Brandling-Bennett DA | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D97-D103 | |
Enlarging the “Audacious Goal”: Elimination of the world's high prevalence neglected tropical diseases | Hotez P | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D104-D110 | |
NEW VACCINE OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS IN THE 21st CENTURY | |||
Vaccines of the future | Nossal GJV | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D111-D115 | |
“IDEAL” vaccines for resource poor settings | Levine MM | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D116-D125 | |
Strengthening surveillance: Confronting infectious diseases in developing countries | Andrus JK, Solórzano CC, de Oliveira L, Danovaro-Holliday MC, de Quadros CA | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D126-D130 | |
CROSS-CUTTING LESSONS FROM SMALLPOX AND LEGACY PROBLEMS | |||
Logistics in smallpox: The legacy | Wickett J, Carrasco P | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D131-D134 | |
From smallpox eradication to contemporary global health initiatives: Enhancing human capacity towards a global public health goal | Tarantola D, Foster SO | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D135-D140 | |
Surveillance in eradication and elimination of infectious diseases: A progression through the years | Heymann DL, Brilliant L | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D141-D144 | |
GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE 21st CENTURY AND LESSONS FROM SMALLPOX ERADICATION | |||
From smallpox eradication to the future of global health: Innovations, application and lessons for future eradication and control initiatives | Tomori O | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D145-D148 | |
Health security and disease control: Lessons from Mexico | Frenk J, Gómez-Dantés O | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D149-D151 | |
The Jenner Society and the Edward Jenner Museum: Tributes to a physician-scientist | Morgan AJ, Poland GA | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D152-D154 | |
APPENDICES | |||
SEC2010 Symposium Program Committee. | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D155 | ||
Agenda | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D156-D159 | ||
Registered attendees | Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D160-D164 |